Cardiovascular Lab-Bio 1102-2
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Cardiovascular Lab-Bio 1102
Activity 1:
●
Red blood cells are called Erythrocytes
●
The lifespan of RBC is about 120 days.
●
Due to the presence of hemoglobin, these cells
appear red in color.
●
Red Blood Cells make 36-50% of human blood
●
White Blood Cells are called Leucocytes or
Leukocytes
●
The lifespan of White Blood Cells is around 12-20
days after which they are destroyed in the
lymphatic system
●
White blood cells don’t have any color to them
because they don’t have any pigment
●
White Blood Cells make about 1% of human
blood
●
Life cycle of blood:
○
The average life cycle of a human RBC is
approximately 120 days. By this time, the
cell is typically weakened and destroyed. RBCs pass through the liver and spleen,
which are home to specialized immune cells known as macrophages.
○
Erythropoiesis is the process through which erythropoietic stem cells grow into
mature red blood cells. The proerythroblast is the first cell in the red cell pathway
that may be identified by its appearance.
○
The globins are a class of globular proteins that contain heme and are used to bind
and/or transport oxygen. All of these proteins feature the eight alpha helical
segment globin fold. Myoglobin and hemoglobin are two notable members.
○
Iron and bilirubin are the components of the heme group. Iron and amino acids
can either be recycled by the cell itself or carried through the blood and into the
bone marrow, where they can be used to create red blood cells.
○
Enterocytes can either store iron as ferritin or release it into the bloodstream by
means of the protein ferroportin. Iron is mostly carried to the bone marrow for
erythropoiesis after entering the blood and becoming bound to the transport
protein transferrin.
●
Hematocrit test: It is a blood test that measures the proportion of red blood cells in a
person's blood. Because red blood cells carry oxygen, having a high or low level of red
blood cells can indicate certain diseases.
○
Low amount of red blood cells can indicate:
■
Anemia
■
A lack of nutrients
■
Recent or long term blood loss
○
A high amount of red blood cells can indicate:
■
Dehydration
■
polycythemia vera
■
Lung or heart disease
■
Living at a high altitude
●
Blood types:
○
Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens
○
A+
■
1 in 16 people
■
Can go to A+, A-, AB+, AB-
■
Can receive A- or O-
○
A-
■
1 in 3 people
■
Can give to A+ and AB+
■
Can receive from A-, A+, B-, O- and B+
○
B-
■
Less than 2% of the population
■
Can give to B+, B-, AB+, AB-
■
Can receive from O-, B-
○
B+
■
9% of the population
■
Can give to B+ and AB+
■
Can receive from B+, B-, O+, and O-
○
O+
■
38% of the population
■
Can give to A+, B+, AB+, and O+
■
Can receive from O+ and O-
○
O-
■
7% of people
■
Can receive O- blood
■
All other blood types may receive O- blood
○
AB+
■
Less than 4% of the population
■
Can receive from all blood types
○
AB-
■
Less than 1% of the population
■
Can give to
■
Can receive A-, B-, AB-, O-
●
Pulmonary or respiratory system
●
Upper respiratory tract
○
Nasal cavity
■
Large air-filled space above and behind the nose that warms or cools the
air inhaled to be within 1 degree of the body temperature
○
Paranasal sinuses
■
Group of four paired air filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity. It
produces the nitric oxide which functions as a facilitator of oxygen uptake
○
Pharynx
■
Part of the throat above the esophagus and trachea and moves air from the
nasal and oral cavities to the larynx
○
portion of the larynx that is above the vocal cords
■
Organ at the top of the neck protects the trachea from food, as well as
manipulating pitch and volume of a person’s voice
●
The lower respiratory system
○
Larynx below the vocal cords
■
The recurrent laryngeal nerve provides all of the sensory and motor
functions below the vocal folds. Due to its unusual route under the left
subclavian artery and the right arch of the aorta, the recurrent laryngeal
nerve is referred to as such
○
The trachea
■
The trachea's main job while breathing is to carry air into and out of the
lungs. By warming and moistening the air and directing foreign particles
upward and towards the pharynx for elimination, it also safeguards the
respiratory tract
○
Bronchi
■
The two big tubes known as bronchi are responsible for transporting air
from the windpipe (trachea) into the lungs and then out again. The
bronchi, an essential component of the respiratory system, serve primarily
as airways that transport oxygen to and remove carbon dioxide from the
lungs
○
Bronchioles
■
The bronchioles' function is to transport air to the lungs' diffuse network
of 300 million alveoli
○
Lungs
■
Lungs contain the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
and alveoli
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Pre-Lab Exercise 11A-1
Formed Elements
In this unit we will identify the formed elements of blood on a peripheral blood smear. Each formed
this unit to complete
with these functions and characteristics.
TABLE 11.1 Properties of Formed Elements
Formed Element Nucleus Shape
Cytoplasm and/or Granule Color
Function
Erythrocyte
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Platelet
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ECG probe.
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ACTIVITY NO. 14: ASSAYS OF ANTITHROMBIN TEST
1. Illustrate the process behind Antithrombin activity assay. Write the interpretation of results.
2. Illustrate the process behind Antithrombin antigen level test. Write the interpretation of
results.
3. Explain the mechanism of the following etiologies of acquired antithrombin (AT) deficiency.
A. DIC
B. Nephrotic syndrome
C. Heparin therapy
D. Liver dysfunction
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ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON
LABORATORY ASSAY NO.3
1. Why is NSS ideal for performing the process of "washing" or "elution"?
2. Why is it necessary to wash the red cells with NSS three times prior to their use?
3. What is the importance of preparing a red cell suspension in the laboratory prior to performing the
following procedure?
3.1 Blood Typing
3.2 Coomb's Test
4. List the possible sources of error in the preparation of Red Blood Cell suspension?
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PROCEDURE
1
Time to Trace!
In this procedure, you will be tracing two invaders: bacteria in the extracellular fluid and a virus that has infected cells. To keep
things simple, you will trace the main pathway and the main immune response to the pathogen. Do note, however, that the actual
response is much more complex, and your instructor may wish you to include more information. You are provided with hints
and the number of steps you should aim to include for each organism, but you will likely want to consult your textbook for
more help. After you have completed the activity, answer Check Your Understanding Questions 5 and 6 (p. 586).
Start: bacteria in the extracellular fluid → bacteria damage local macrophages and damaged macrophages release
that attract
to the area
→ these cells phagocytize
and bacteria and secrete
chemicals to attract granulocytes called
at the same time, cells called
cells ingest bacteria and migrate to
these
cells present antigens to TĦ cells → TH cells activate…
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topic: blood (please do not copy from google)
3. how do the red blood cells compare to the white blood cells?
a. what is the function of each type of blood cell?
b. how does the structure of the red blood cell relate to its function?
c. how does the structure of the white blood cell relate to its function?
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ACTIVITY NO. 3-A
Rees and Ecker Method
1. Illustrate and label the different steps of Rees and Ecker Method
2. Write the computation of your results.
3. Why is it important to thoroughly clean the cover glass and hemacytometer before
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4. What is the purpose of placing the loaded hemacytometer in the moist chamber?
5. What area of the hemacytometer is used to count platelets?
Page to answer
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ACTIVITY NO. 13: TESTS FOR FIBRIN DEGRADATION PRODUCTS
1. Discuss the principle of Thrombo-Wellcotest method.
2. Illustrate the flow chart of the formation of fibrin degradation products.
3. Why serum samples are notorious source of artifactual results for these tests?
4. What is the main clinical significance of D-dimer test results?
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ACTIVITY NO. 10
MIXING STUDIES
1. Define Lupus Anticoagulants (LA's).
2. What could be the effects of LA's on the phospholipid dependent partial thromboplastin time
(PTT) reaction?
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334 LAB EXERCISE 33 Hormonesty
CONTROL PAD
RESULT
RESULT PAD
TEST
SAMPLE
hCG
Pregnancy (hCG)
Pregnant
present (+)
not present (-)
hCG
Nonpregnant
present (+)
not present (-)
Discussion Questions (answer these questions on a separate sheet of paper)
1. Explain how hCG secretion is regulated. Is it secreted by a pregnant woman or her offspring?
2. hCG depresses some reactions of the immune system. What adaptive advantage do you think this has?
Copyright 2010
EXPLANATION
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Femoral nerve
tibial
Common fibular
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Required information
Blood Typing
Read the overview and complete the interactivities that follow.
Blood is composed of two parts: the formed elements and plasma. Blood cells and cell fragments make up the formed
elements. An individual's blood type is genetically determined by the presence of antigens on the surface of red blood
cells. Antibodies are plasma proteins that provide various immunological functions. One of these functions is
agglutination, which is the process of clumping foreign cells together for the purpose of destruction and removal from
the body. When blood is mismatched during a blood transfusion, the antibodies in the recipient's blood will react with
the antigens on the donor's blood cells. The foreign blood cells will agglutinate, or clump together. This process makes
it possible to determine blood types in order to avoid a transfusion reaction that occurs when mismatched blood is
given from a donor to a recipient.
During the blood typing procedure, blood is mixed…
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2-provide necessary justification for your response
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Pre-Lab Exercise 20-2
Formed Elements
In this unit we will identify the formed elements of blood on a peripheral blood smear. Each formed
element has unique morphological characteristics and functions. Use your text and Exercise 20-1
(p. 533) in this unit to fill in Table 20.1 with these functions and characteristics.
TABLE 20.1 Properties of Formed Elements
Cytoplasm and/or
Formed Element
Nucleus Shape
Granule Color
Prevalence
Function(s)
Biconcave
disc Withaut Ked
Erythrocyte
dierggen and
carlooh dioxide o and
from t78ues
Phagocystize pathogens
esplcially bageria. Release 50-70%
a
nucleus
Neutral and
Multilobed pale with
Neutrophil
punple granules enzymes that target
Reddish or
pathogens
Phagocytize antigen-antilbody
pink-orange complesses and allerejens,2-4 %
destroy parasitic worms,
innate immumts
Releases histamine in many
inflammators reactions, ie..
allergic symptoms, anticoaqulant
o keep blood from clottin too
Bilobed
Eosinophil
granailes
Dark
prouides
Bilobed
Basophil
S10%…
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Directions. Based on the given clue in the left table, write the correctname of the
disorder/disease in the right table. Write your answers on the table located at the
right.
1. XXY
7. 11 q
1.
7.
deletion
2. Bone
Marrow
8. ХО
2.
8.
3. 13
9. 18
9.
4. 21
10. 5
4.
10.
5. Loss
muscle
11. Lympho-
cytes
11.
control
6. 11q
bleeding
disorder
12. 15
12.
3.
5.
6.
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1. Genetic engineering has been used to mass-produce insulin.
2. Genes and other genetic information from a wide range of organisms are
transformed into bacteria for storage and modification, creating genetically
modified bacteria in the process.
3. Some genetically engineered animals become an important source of new
drugs.
4. Many genetically engineered crops are being used by many farmers now.
5. Genetic engineering is used to produce more needed genetically engineered
medicines.
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ACTIVITIES
1. A patient with iron deficiency anemia
experiences shortness of breath, weakness and
has a pale skin. Explain why anemic people
experience and share the same symptoms.
2. A pacemaker is a small device that is placed in
the chest or abdomen to help control abnormal
heart rhythms. This device uses electrical pulses
to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate. Who
are the patients greatly in need of this procedure
of having pacemaker built in their chest? And
why?
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For this disease pathology, please provide the following information:
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What would you expect to see in the lab or diagnostic results?
What are the most common treatments?
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Multiple Select: Select the correct choices for each statement. The choices may be all correct, all incorrect,or a combination of correct and incorrect.
1. Which of the following are solutes found in plasma?a. Glucoseb. Plateletsc. Nitrogen wastesd. Fibrinogene. Proteins
2. What does the liver do for the cardiovascular system?a. The liver makes antithrombin to inactivate thrombin.b. The liver works with the kidneys to remove old, worn-out RBCs.c. The liver contributes to blood clotting by making clotting factors.d. The liver breaks down heme to bilirubin and iron.e. The liver makes clotting factors for fibrinolysis.
3. What is blood clotting?a. Blood clotting is the formation of a platelet plug.b. Blood clotting is agglutination.c. Blood clotting is coagulation.d. Blood clotting is fibrinolysis.e. Blood clotting requires a reaction cascade.
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6:02
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a docs.google.com
A
* elastic cartilage contain
• Elastic fibers
• Collagen fibers
• Both of elastic and collagen fibers
* anemia is
• Deficiency of erethrocyte
• Increase of leukocyte O
• Deficiency of platelets
thrombocytopenia is deficiency of
• Platelets
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
hyaline cartilage is covered by its own
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True or False. Write T if the statement is true, F if false
1. Blood smears made from EDTA specimens must be prepared within 3 hours of collection to preserve the integrity of the blood cells.2. A specimen collected and placed in an evacuated tube with a gel barrier may prevent blood glycolysis for up to 24 hours.3. Specimens that require separation of the serum or plasma from the cells should be centrifuged within 1 hour of arrival in the lab.4. Serum specimens can be centrifuged right away as opposed to plasma specimens that needs standing for at least 30 minutes before allowed to be centrifuged,5. Removal of the cap/stopper of the evacuated tube before centrifugation allows loss of carbon dioxide and a decrease in the blood specimen pH.
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A junior medtech working on a night shift. You were assigned to the blood banking section of the laboratory where you are designated to test blood for crossmatching and release blood bags. You release O positive blood bag for a patient with anemia. After 10 minutes, the nurse called and said that the patient is having a "reaction" to the said blood and told you to investigate and re-checked.
What are the relative effects if the problem is unsolved in relation to the: medtech, laboratory, hospital, and patient?
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Work 3. Exchange of fluid between blood and tissues in the microcirculatory bed.
37
In the diagram, indicate with
arrows:
movement
of fluid in the
bloodstream,
• the release of fluid into the tissue
and return to the blood capillary,
• the transfer of tissue fluid to the
lymphatic capillary,
• identify the forces which support
microcirculation processes.
Lymphatic capillary
Blood capillary
Arteriole
Venule
Img. 48. Proccesses of microcirculation.
What will be the changes of microcirculation (fluid outlet into the tissue and return to the
bloodstream) in the following conditions:
V in case of decreased oncotic pressure
V in case of increased venous pressure
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Select the volume required to dispense 500 mg of vancomycin in 500 ml of D5W (5% dextrose in water). The IV is to be administered over 2 hours. Five
grams of vancomycin is mixed in enough water to make 100 ml of final solution (W/V).
Multiple Choice
10 ml
15 ml
20 ml
25 ml
EPIC
erw
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Bb Reassessments X
Bb About this Modi X
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QUESTION 6
Secure https://blackboard.le.ac.uk/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_39582_1&course_id=_41417_1&content_id=
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NAD
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You want to measure the activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase from a tissue sample by following the production of NADH. Which of the following components would you
need to include in your assay mixture?
a. Water
b. Bicarbonate solution
c. Phosphate buffer solution (pH7.5)
d. a-ketoglutarate solution
e. NADH solution
f. NAD solution
g. Isocitrate dehydrogenase mixture
Oh. Isocitrate solution
F2
CO
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QUESTION 7
0.25mL of a stock solution…
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Most WBCs of the adaptive immune system generally reside in either lymph nodes or the spleen in the absence of an infection.
How do adaptive WBCs use their own surface proteins to migrate to these designated locations?
Why would they be able to go to these designated locations whether an infection is occurring or not?
How do these features of adaptive cells relate to their roles as slow responders with very precise specificity for non-self microbes?
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7
(-0.25, 2)
(-0.642, 0)
(0.142, 0)
The amplitude of the…
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There were 49.7 million people with some type of long-lasting…
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Σ
η=1
1
√n
η
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h#0₁ for the function.
1/2 F(x) = x² + 6x-1
A.…
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Consider the two bases
B₁ = {√₁₂…
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PH3
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Highest ionization energy
Kr
Br
As
Se…
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what is the marginal…
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prime. Let P be a point…