Philosophy Exam Reveiw 10

.pdf

School

Lone Star College System, North Harris *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

1301

Subject

Philosophy

Date

Oct 30, 2023

Type

pdf

Pages

Uploaded by JusticeEelPerson973 on coursehero.com

Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_degq87 1. Premises The statements presented in an argument as reasons for accepting the conclusion 2. Conclusion The statements that an argument is intended to demon- strate or prove 3. Valid In logic, having a conclusion that follows from the premises by logical necessity. If the premises are true then the conclusion is true. Looking at the relationship between premises and conclusion 4. Argument A group of statements consisting of premises and conclu- sions of such type that the premises are intended to prove or demonstrate the conclusion 5. Sound Valid argument with true premises is sound 9the argument is airtight 6. Deductive Rea- soning Process of drawing specific conclusions from a general statement. The premise is intended to show that the con- clusions must be true 7. Inductive Rea- soning Do not guarantee that the conclusion must be true if the premise is true. Instead, they show that the premise is probably true or it is reasonable to accept the conclusion based on evidence 8. Traditional West- ern View of Hu- man Nature The Judeo-Christian religious view claims that humans are made in the image of God, who has endowed them with rational self-consciousness and an ability to love. 9. Darwinian Chal- lenge to the Tra- ditional Western View He believed that humans evolved from earlier animal species. Darwin's view has been taken to imply that human nature has no purpose and is not unique. "Human power to reason is no more "God-like" than any other animal". 10. Existentialism -There is no such thing as human nature, humans are whatever they make themselves - Humans are defined by their actions 1 / 7

Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_degq87 11. Feminist Chal- lenge to Tra- ditional Western View Feminists use antirealism to explain why the world that women ordinarily are forced to accept is sexist, based on male language and concepts 12. Dualist View of Human Nature Human nature says that humans are material minds with material bodies. The material body is observable and has color,size,shape, and weight. The mind has no observable color,size,or shape, but it has consciousness 13. Plato - Humans can control their appetite and aggressive im- pulses with reason. - Appetite>Desires - Aggression’ Spirit - Reason’ you have the ability to think, reason 14. Aristotle - Human nature can be discovered in our own world - All humans have a purpose - Reason is the most important feature of human nature 15. Idealism Kant's new viewpoint, transcendental idealism, holds that the world we perceive and know through science is a construct of the mind, but one that depends on the senses 16. Pragmatism Belief that materialism and idealism do not have practical consequences 17. Determinism Human actions are not free. Every event is caused or "determined" by precious conditioned and events and the physical, biological, and psychological laws that govern realty 18. Libertarianism Focus on individual responsibility for who he or she is. 19. The Cosmologi- cal Argument For if there were nothing that first started things moving, then they would never have begun to move. 20. The Ontological Argument Anselm's ontological proof says (1) God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived (2) Than that which 2 / 7

Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_degq87 nothing greater can be conceived must exist In reality and not merely in the mind (3) So God must exist in reality 21. The Design Argu- ment The design argument, or the argument from design, states that the order and purpose manifest in the works of nature indicate that they were designed by an intelligent being. 22. Rationalism Rationalism is the viewpoint that insists knowledge can arise from reason, without aid from the senses 23. Empiricism Empiricism contrast with rationalism on holding that knowledge arises only from the senses 24. Hume and Skep- ticism David Hume pushes Locke's and Berkleys empiricism to the conclusion of absolute skepticism. He denies the possibility that we can have certain knowledge about how much of what we all take for granted, including the existence of the external world, and the real causes of phenomena 25. Kant's Transcen- dental Idealism If the mind is to be aware of its many sensations, it must connect these sensations together into a single unified world of connected objects. 26. Francis Bacon Francis Bacon claimed that science is based on inductive reasoning, which moves from many particular observa- tions to claims about general laws that govern what we observe 27. Karl Popper Popper agreed that scientific theories are not mere gener- alizations from experience, and makes use of hypothesis that can explain many different phenomena and that guide later research 28. Thomas Kuhn Argues that we should think of scientific knowledge as the product of communities of scientists who accept and work with that knowledge 29. Correspondence Theory of Truth The correspondence theory says that a belief is true when it corresponds with what is "out there" in the real world. As- 3 / 7

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version