1-Pentyl Ethanoate Lab Report

On a large scale ethanol and ethanoic acid is added to get the product ethyl ethanoate and water.

Reaction 3- 1. Obtained a clean and dry test tube and placed a small amount ( about the size of a jelly bean) of ammonium carbonate into the test tube.

In this part of experiment, alcohol(2ml) and CH3COOH(1ml) will react to produce an ester, the ester's odor can then be compared with that of the ester bank to determine the identity of the ester. This is done by mixing the reagents in the solution with a glass stirring rod and then to further dissolve the solution, it

14 mL of 9 M H2SO4 was added to the separatory funnel and the mixture was shaken. The layers were given a small amount of time to separate. The remaining n-butyl alcohol was extracted by the H2SO4 solution therefore, there was only one organic top layer. The lower aqueous layer was drained and discarded. 14 mL of H2O was added to the separatory funnel. A stopper was placed on the separatory funnel and it was shaken while being vented occasionally. The layers separated and the lower layer which contained the n-butyl bromide was drained into a smaller beaker. The aqueous layer was then discarded after ensuring that the correct layer had been saved by completing the "water drop test" (adding a drop of water to the drained liquid and if the water dissolves, it confirms that it is an aqueous layer). The alkyl halide was then returned to the separatory funnel. 14 mL of saturated aqeous sodium bicarbonate was added a little at a time while the separatory funnel was being swirled. A stopper was placed on the funnel and it was shaken for 1 minute while being vented frequently to relieve any pressure that was being produced. The lower alkyl halide layer was drained into a dry Erlenmeyer flask and 1.0 g of anhydrous calcium chloride was added to dry the solution. A stopper was placed on the Erlenmeyer flask and the contents were swirled until the liquid was clear. For the distillation

These layers can be separated through the use of a seperatory funnel which drains the bottom layer into a separate container. This method uses the understanding of partition ratios of solutes to different paired solvents to produce an equilibrium leaning towards one solvent over another, thereby extracting a compound from one liquid to the other (Padias 128-37). For example, consider a mixture containing two solutes, solute A and solute B, and two immiscible solvents, solvent A and solvent B. If solute A dissolves well into solvent A, but not very well into solvent B, and solute B dissolves well into solvent B but not very well into solvent A, there would be a higher ratio of solute A in solvent A than in solvent B, and a higher ratio of solute B into solvent B than in solvent A. One can then see that, through the use of different solvents, two dissolved solutes can be separated from a mixture. This ratio of a solute concentration to different solvents is defined by K, the distribution constant. Successive filtrations yield’s a higher percentage of products.

The crude product was washed by taking the reaction product in the separatory funnel and adding 23 mL of deionized H2O. The mixture was shaken and allowed to settle until layers were observable. The top layer was the desired product and approximately 25 mL of aqueous layer was extracted from the separatory funnel. Next, 25 mL of 5% NaHCO3 was added to the separatory funnel in order to neutralize the acid. This mixture was swirled, plugged with the stopper and inverted. Built-up gas was released by turning the stopcock to its opened and closed positions, releasing CO2 by-product. This was done four times in one minute intervals. The solution was allowed to settle until layers were observable. The bottom layer that contained salt, base and water was extracted from the separatory funnel. The crude product was washed again as mentioned previously.

Cyclohexane (10ml, 7.78g, 0.0924mol) and pyridinium hydrobromide perbromide (9.39g, 0.0294mol) were put into 50ml round bottom flask. The initiator AIBN of 0.1g was carefully added to the flask along with a boiling stone. Simple reflux was setup, and the mixture was refluxed gently for 30mn. White fumes of HBr can be seen on top of condenser can be proven by pH test turning to pink, which indicated that the reactions occurred. Then, the flask was allowed to cool for 15mn. Another small portion of AIBN (0.1g) was added, and

1.) Transfer the distillate to separatory funnel. Fluid didn’t seem very clear but sufficient to finish our lab on time.

The week after, a recrystallization was performed on the previous week’s crude product. The product ethereal solution was first heated on a steam bath until dry. During the heating, a beaker of methanol was collected and also placed on the steam bath. Once the product was dry, it was cooled to room temperature and then placed in an ice-water bath. The now boiling methanol was added to the crude crystals and a recrystallization was performed. Once completed, the now purified product was collected via Buchner vacuum filtration and stored in drawer to dry for a week. Afterwards, a melting point range of the purified product was obtained by using a Mel-temp apparatus. Lastly, an

After the initial mixture has refluxed, 9.11 grams of benzophenone was dissolved in 100 mL of anhydrous ether in a beaker and was then transferred into the separatory on the reflux apparatus. This solution was then added to the Grignard reagent at a drop wise rate while stirring. After the benzophenone was added, the mixture was then refluxed for 15 minutes on a heating mantle.

When Pentane (C5H12) has a combustion reaction it will have the highest heat of combustion of the three fuels selected, it has the biggest difference of the sum of energy to breaks bonds and to form bonds. This is because it has the longest carbon chain out of Pentane, 1-Propanol and 2-Propanol which gives it the potential to form much bonds and have the most energy when it is combusted and will release the most energy. Despite being dangerous pentane will be

The main purpose of this experiment was to synthesize an unknown ester using Fischer esterification reaction between an unknown carboxylic acid and an unknown alcohol as reactants as well as sulfuric acid as a catalyst. At the first step, the reaction mixture was created using the two key reactants, then the product was isolated by removing the aqueous layer. Through the distillation process, the crude product was purified to generate a clear liquid with a banana like odor as a final product of the reaction. The final product was a clear liquid with a banana like odor that usually comes from banana oil existed either in pure isoamyl acetate or pentyl acetate. The unknown ester was identified by using three common techniques IR, 13C NMR, and

This process was then repeated two more times with subsequent additions of 10 mL of the 0.5M aqueous NaHCO3 and the aqueous layers drained off into the above mention labeled 100-mL beaker. Finally 5 mL of deionized water was placed into the funnel and mixed. The water was then drained off into the beaker containing the aqueous solution extracts. The solution was then saved until need later in the experiment.

The goal of task one is to organize and format data corresponding to the normal boiling points of straight-chain alkanes, their enthalpies of vaporization, the normal boiling points of alkanes with 1-alcohols, their enthalpies of vaporization, the normal boiling points of 1-monochlorinated alkanes, and their enthalpies of vaporization. Table’s 1, 2 and 3, shown below, organize this information.

The liquid product was obtained in a form of immiscible layers: an organic and an aqueous layer. The organic layer (organic liquid product OLP) was drawn off from the aqueous layer with a syringe. The amount of OLP and the aqueous liquid were determined by the difference in weight of the liquid product before and