Attaining Expertise
Daphney Walker
PSYCH/640
June 2, 2014
Holly Berry
Attaining Expertise In every industry experts are needed to teach others certain skills, give advice, and use strategies to solve problems. Individuals can attain expertise by focusing on a particular skill to improve. It is said that “experts are made and not born,” so expertise is not attained in one day, but takes practice and time and individuals also attain expertise at different rates performance levels. Experts develop cognitive processes that result in their high levels of performance, “Extensive practice can develop expertise in high level skill (Anderson, 2010). Acquired knowledge and skills are needed to attain expertise. This material will discuss
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Ericsson and Charness (1994, p. 525), postulated that, “Recent research has shown that expert performance is predominantly mediated by acquired complex skills and physiological adaptations.” Attaining expertise is achieved through the development of skills and comprises three stages which are the cognitive, associative, and the autonomous.
Cognitive Stage The cognitive development stage of attaining expertise is the first stage in which the individual develops what is call declarative encoding of the skill in which “a set of facts relevant to the skill is commit to memory” (Anderson, 2010). The learner will rehearse the facts as they perform the skills, for example, a child is learning to ride a bike he or she will rehearse the steps as the skill is perform. So the child will remember where the pedal is, learn how to hold to the handle, learn to balance, and learn to pedal and these steps become the set of problem-solving to ride the bike. Basically the child or learner is trying to figure out what needs to be done and the actions here are usually controlled in a conscious way. Learners also experiment with strategies in order to figure out the ones that work and the ones that does not. This knowledge that is acquired is in the declarative stage because the child’s performance cannot be called skilled. The child recalls facts about the skill of riding as he or she tries to ride the bike and pay attention in a step-by-step execution of the skill
Building upon the previous chapter, we begin to understand how all the right ingredients for achievement and success can be present, and yet they may never happen without a stroke of luck. Becoming an expert at some skill is earned by putting in hard work across several hours, approximately 10,000 hours. Being born in the right year, or time
As a student of education, I have been able to gather many ideas and opinions about practices and ideals I want to implement in my future classroom. My philosophies about education are still being formed and continually change with every class I visit and with every educator I encounter. My ideas, admittedly, come from random experiences and intangible texts, but as I gain more experience in the field through my courses, my philosophies about teaching will become more clearly defined. These few ideas I have now will undoubtedly be added upon as I enter student teaching and my professional career, nevertheless, they are concepts of which I hope to never lose sight.
Children develop cognition through two main stages that Jean Piaget theorized. The stages run from birth and infancy to school age children. Sensorimotor is the first stage and goes from birth to about the age of two. This stage implies that the children learn about the environment they live in and they learn this through the reflexes and movements they produce. They also learn that they are separate people from their parents and they can say goodbye to them and know they will come back. The second stage is called the preoperational stage. During this stage of development, children will learn how to incorporate symbols to represent objects. This is also the beginning of learning the alphabet and speech. The child is still very much egocentric at this point in time, but with the help of understanding educators, the child will grow appropriately onto the next stages of development. Finally, the children need to develop emotionally/socially.
According to the textbook, “skill learning takes place through a predictable and consistent sequence. It is also similar to that of growth and development by how the rate of learning a skill is different across people and depends on a person’s environment as well as their previous experiences” (Hastie, 2012).
Different fields of professions require certain competencies to become successful. For example, in the criminal justice field one must engage meanings of active citizenship in the community. Not only are these competencies used in the work field, but academically we use them in every way possible. For example, in college, you’re expected to communicate with in front of others to present information. This includes professors and students from different ethnicities and cultures; meaning you’d have to be open minded because everyone has different viewpoints. In my life, the two most important general education competencies are communication and thinking critically.
Skills: Integration of Evidence; Explanation
Whilst an autonomous learner are intermediates in the learning of a new skill, the phase where a mental image of what to do and the basic movement patterns is formed and is now in the phase of trial and error (practicing).
This active process sends signals through the brain, signals which flow down axonal pathways. In this process the brain develops myelin which wraps itself around the axons. This increases the signal speed which lends to what we know as automaticity, “The state or quality of being spontaneous, involuntary, or self-regulating” (Farlax, n.p.) Over time one’s skill becomes a spontaneous act. This skill is what separates mediocrity from genius. Myelin is the trigger point. This is good news. This means that such talent is accessible to all. As Coyle notes, “We are myelin beings” (p. 72) Targeted practice through committed effort is the stimulus. Both together create what is known as the talent code. We all have the potential for genius. “To sum it up: it’s time to rewrite the maxim that practice makes perfect. The truth is, practice makes myelin, and myelin makes perfect” (Coyle, 2009, p.43)
Everyone has a certain skill that they may be strong or weak at in both school or in work. There are skills required in order to create an efficient working environment. However, every person generally has a flaw or a skill that they are efficient in, which may reflect their career readiness. Despite everyone's flaw, throughout our life, we can be able to improve through experience. As for myself, I consider myself confident in managing multiple task and valuing work, but I need to improve my communication skills.
The reason that most people High School don’t have good study skills is because they were not taught proper study habits in Elementary School, where this should be taught.
These skills can vary from those required to paint a bulkhead to those required to operate a nuclear reactor. To properly accomplish any job, people must safely develop skills through practice.
Both activities have shown me that the definition of a complex problem is in itself complex (Funke, 1991) and is subject to many interpretations by different researchers (Gray, 2002 and Wenke et al, 2005). It has also shown me that presenting a problem in a different manner can affect how the solutions are thought about (Gambrill, 2006).
The present focus on expert is a worldwide wonder, as is extended enthusiasm for activity and organization headway. In the US, for example, Fulmer (1997) assessed a yearly corporate utilization of $45 billion out of 1997 (up from $10 billion one decade sooner) and Sorenson (2002) perceived 900 school or school expert programming engineers (twofold that of four years sooner), more than 100 star degrees and a broad assortment of related activities
One of the most beneficial solutions to life problems solving is new experiences and skills. There are rules that people are expected to follow. Rules are the conventions of everyday life that make our interactions with other people predictable and orderly. Some rules matter of the law. Occupational roles determine correct behavior for a manager and an employee, a professor and student. Attaining expertise come with experience and training. Change is relatively easy it is an entrenched habit of thinking or behavior takes considerable time and effort. One has to change themselves, but also their relationships with others who may be rewarding the or old ways if they want the problems to be solve.
In this topic, it is important to become an expert because when a problem occurs then we should have the capability to face and clear that problem which makes us more confident and gets a good grip on the work. One can get more experience if they solve more problems. There will be a good platform for the software filed once if we got expertise. The employees must be trained perfectly and they should actively participate in the work once they are hired in a company and they need to interact with the experts which make them feel free. Work should be shared between the perfect teams and their work leads to a good result in the project. At the end, an employee becomes a good expert and a decision maker.