BIOL 1209 WA 1

According to Darwin and his theory on evolution, organisms are presented with nature’s challenge of environmental change. Those that possess the characteristics of adapting to such challenges are successful in leaving their genes behind and ensuring that their lineage will continue. It is natural selection, where nature can perform tiny to mass sporadic experiments on its organisms, and the results can be interesting from extinction to significant changes within a species.

Payoff matrix value change in the above three figures, because it is dependent of the fitness. Hawks had less payoff matrix compared to doves even though they were fitter than doves (fig; 1, and 2). Evolutionary stability was achieved at 10% of benefit of winning, coast of injury, loss, and 5% coast of display. The proportion of hawks to doves was 0.583 to 0.417, and the total difference between hawks and dove’s fitness was 0. For allele with different phenotype to exist in a population with equal fitness their allele’s frequency doesn’t have to be the same. In this experiment (fig.3) by decreasing the coast of injury, loss, and coast of display dove’s fitness was increased when they have to compute with hawks, meanwhile by decreasing the coast

Majority of mice in New Mexico’s Valley of Fire have dark color. The population increase of dark-colored mice in Valley of Fire happened because of natural selection. Mice that do not suit the environment, which are light-colored mice, cannot survive in Valley of Fire because they are easily noticed on dark soil by the predators. On the other hand, dark-colored mice can hide easily on dark soil, which made them survive. Whereas the mice near the desert are mutated, those near the lava are not mutated. Each mouse from different lava found to have a different gene. Whereas the mice near the desert’s color change was from a random mutation, that of the mice near the lavas was not random. Because, each dark-colored mouse from two different lavas

Natural selection is when organisms develop traits, so that they will be better adapted to their environment. Natural selection affects every living thing in the world. There are the examples of animals blending into their environment to hide from predators. Also there is when a thing living in a cold climate grows more hair to become warmer, and not die. Certain traits are more common in a population because the traits increase an individual's probability of surviving and reproducing.

In a particular species of insects, you observe that over the last 300 years, the color pattern has alternated from being overwhelmingly blue with a few orange and red forms to the current parent where the orange and red forms are dominant and there are only a few blue specimens. What type of natural selection may lead to this

Of the modes of natural selection there are three major ones however, this represents the mode Directional Selection, since that particular selection means when one certain phenotype is dominant and better suited for the environment while the other phenotypes unfortunately are not. Especially since the green Egremlins died off due to not being able to adapt to the sudden environmental change while the gray Egremlins were able to blend in and camouflage, this also means that the gray Egremlins’ population will increase and the green Egremlins’ population will

“I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term of Natural Selection.” - Charles Darwin (5). Natural selection is the process by which organisms that possess favorable traits tend to survive and produce more offspring, passing down the favorable traits. Evolution and natural selection change the allele (a variant of a gene) frequencies in a population, and the organisms with the most favorable traits survive to reproduce. Over time the organisms become better adapted for the changing

(a) Suppose skin color in a frog is determined by two alleles: B (blue) and Y (yellow). B and Y show incomplete dominance, where BY heterozygotes are

10 first parental flies (10 male and 10 female) were distributed by TA at the first day of the experiment and these were crossed to each other to produce the first generation in a vial. The phenotypes of the male parental flies were combination of 5 red and 5 apricot eye colors, and 10 wild type body color. The phenotypes of the female parental flies were all same and 10 white eye color and 10 ebony body color. The summery of the parental fly phenotype are shown in the following as Table 1. Starting with 20 first parental flies, crossing was continuously carried out until the overall generation reached sixth. While generations go, the phenotypes of each generation was recorded on a score sheet every another week and adult flies were removed from the vial afterward. By doing so a previous generation does not blend in a new generation giving more accurate phenotype count. The students were familiarized to the technique to identify the phenotype of flies previously under dissecting scopes. The identified phenotypes of the flies are: sex, eye color (white, apricot, and red) and body color (wild and ebony). If there was any odd phenotype other than these mentioned, it was also recorded as a possible mutated allele. The italic letters used in this paper represents each allele type. r, wa and w respectively represent red, apricot, and white eye color alleles. w+, e, b, al respectively represent wild type, ebony, black and albino body color alleles. Among these b and al did not exist in the first parental flies. After all the phenotypic data of the flies were collected through six generations, the count data was reorganized in a spread sheet to determine the allele frequency for each allele. The resulting figures were input to a distributed excel sheet to automatically draw a graph for

Natural selection can and has been observed in the real world. Examples of change in phenotype frequency of traits in a population as a result of ecological pressures abound, and can be detailed from both extant and extinct species.

Heterozygote advantage of interest is said to keep up hereditary variety since it contains both dominant and recessive alleles. The allele recurrence for heterozygotes will increment and they will be defended from malaria and sickle cell sickness. The homozygotes will fall to either malaria or sickle cell illness.

Natural selection:The process by which organisms that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

After the first generation the dominant “B” allele increases to 62.5% and the recessive “b” allele decreases to 37.5%. Then in the next generation, the dominant “B” allele increases again to 69.4% and the recessive “b” allele decreased to 30.6%. Just like the third generation in every graph, the data in the third generation is the same as the second generation. In the fourth generation, the dominant “B” allele increases to 78.1%, but the recessive “b” allele decreased to 21.9%. As shown in Graph 4, the dominant “B” allele increases at the same rate that the recessive “b” allele decreases. For example, the when the dominant “b” allele increased from 50.0% to 62.5% it increased by 12.5% and the recessive “b” decreased from 50.0% 37.5% it decreased from

Natural selection happens when individuals increase their chances of survival and ability to produce offspring with the same traits. As the individuals with this trait mate, the genes spread throughout the population and individuals with those genes then increase in number and pass this useful trait on to their offspring. Therefore, natural selection explains how population adapt to their environmental conditions. Also, unlike evolution, which occurs in populations, natural selection occurs in individuals (Miller, 2007, pg. 85). The term “survival of the fittest” refers to organism that possess more advantageous traits, and therefore continue to survive in their suited environments, even when other organisms are unable too. Their favorable

The study of population genetics is simply how the genes or alleles within a population may vary or change. The purpose of population genetics is being able to predict the genes that are expressed in future generations and understanding why that is. An allele is an alternate form of a gene, so blonde hair and black hair are both alleles but hair color is a gene. In this particular experiment the alleles being focused on are the body colors of the Drosophila melanogaster, which is the common fruit fly. The two different body color alleles are the wild type, tan body color, and the ebony type, black body color.