Chapter 39
Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals
No groups of plants is more important to human survival than seed plants plants are key sources of food fuel wood products and medicine our reliance of plants
Products from Seed Plants
Most of our food comes from angiosperms
Six crops yield 80% of the calories consumed by humans
Wheat
Rice
Maize
Potatoes
Cassava sweet potatoes
Other Products from Seed Plants
Secondary compounds of seed plants are used in medicines
Know table 30.1
Threats to plant Diversity
Destruction of habitat
In causing extinction of many plant speciesCHapter 35
Plant structure, Growth, and Development.
Overview no two plants are alike
To some people the fanwort is
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Triggers production of other hormones, particularly ethylene and ABA, leading to leaf, abscission, abnormal growth, growth inhibition, and cell death
Auxin is the active ingredient in Agent Orange
Cytokinins
stimulate cytokinesis (cell division)
are produces in actively growing tissues such as roots, embryos, young leaves and fruits
Cause chloroplast formation and maturation
work together with auxin to promote apical dominance
Apical dominance
Apical dominance is the terminal bud’s ability to suppress development of axillary buds
If the terminal bud is removes, lateral axillary buds grow and produces new branches and the plants become bushier
Role of Cytokinin
Cytokinins also slow or stop the aging of some plant organs (delay senescence).
Together with auxin, causes the formation of crown gall
Crown gall is a tumor-like mass of undifferentiated cells found typically near the crown of plant ( where root and stem connect)
Crown gall is cause by infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens which insert its plasmid into plant cells chromosome and cause overproduction of auxin and cytokinin.
Crown gall is a common problem for fruit and nut
This experiment is designed to test the allelopathy of two different treatments, Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus cinerea) and Lemon (Citrus limon). The two treatments will be tested on radish seeds (Raphanus sativus) to investigate the effect of the treatments on the germination of the radish seeds. Allelopathy is the beneficial or harmful effects that one plant has on another plant by the release of chemicals. Allelopathy studies the interactions among plants, fungi, algae and bacteria with the organisms living in a certain ecosystem, interactions that are mediated by the secondary metabolites produced and exuded into the environment (Francisco A Macías, José MG Molinillo, Rosa M Varela, Juan CG Galindo 2007). The plants use
The hypothesis behind this experiment is that the Gibberellic acid has a positive growth effect on the plant and causes it grow larger in height.
Asexual Propagation is the process of using plant materials such as the stems, leaves, and roots to multiply the number of plants. These plants eventually grow to be a brand new plant that is genetically identical to the parent plant it came from. In several types of plants, asexual propagation is the fastest means of new plant growth. Asexual propagation is also a good way to maintain a plant species because they are genetically identical. In this process, adventitious roots are seen in the growing cycle. Adventitious roots are those that grow form parts of the plant that they normally would not grow from. The cuttings must do
|(2 marks) | |c. |State two symptoms that may have led the veterinarian to suspect that George was suffering from a thyroid hormone |
3. State the name and structure of the functional group for each type of biologically
might affect the fitness of each variant. In other words which factors might increase plant growth, survival,
15. Which three classes of lymphocytes are the primary cells of the lymphoid system? What are the functions of each class?
Gallbladder carcinoma (GBCs) is a highly lethal but relatively rare neoplasm of the digestive tract. Most of GBCs are adenocarcinoma (AC), and squamous carcinoma (SC) or adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) is a rare histopathologic subtype, which accounts for an estimated 1.4 - 10.6% of all GBCs cases [1]. However, the clinicopathologic characteristic and biological feature in SC and ASC of the gallbladder have not yet been fully clarified, due to their lower disease incidence. The previous studies indicated that their tumorigenesis might be induced by the gallbladder mucosa squamous metaplasia, or the pluripotent basal cells from mucous membrane of gallbladder, which may be associated with chronic inflammation of gallstones [2-4]. In addition, other investigation found that SC/ASC of the gallbladder might be result in some carcinogens, including bile anthracene and methyl anthracene, from long-term bacteria or chemical reactions [5]. Moreover, the histologic morphology of SC/ASC is differed from AC, including grater proliferation capacity, high-grade malignancy, and the aggressive invasion of surrounding organs, and less metastasis in regional lymph node and distant organs [6]. Notably, there is no detectable symptom in the
20) During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope re-form? A) anaphase B) prophase C) telophase
Cytokinins move up the plant through the xylem. Whereas, auxins move down the plant. Cytokinins works with Auxin to control cell differentiation. The many functions of cytokinins include stimulation of germination, promote cell division, and plant growth. This hormone helps result in plant growth because they are able to release buds from apical dominance. Essentially, if a plant contains more cytokinins that means more mitosis is occurring and if more mitosis is occurring that means more cells are being produced and if more cells are being produced that means the plants
Additionally, the 0 ppm group grew normally, the 500 ppm group had slightly stunted axillary bud growth, and the 5000 ppm group had little to no axillary bud growth. Therefore, my hypothesis was validated and supported by the data collected.
7. Salts, glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed which reduces the water potential in the cells and increases the water potential in the tubule fluid.
herbicides used to protect the crops against weeds. When engineered this way, an extra 383
Biology HigHer level PaPer 1 Tuesday 2 November 2010 (afternoon) 1 hour INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Patterson's Curse was the most dominant weed in the experiment. Out of the 50 seeds that were watered by Patterson’s Curse tea only 8 of the seeds reached germination. This is because of the strong allelochemicals that are released by the weed that take over the plant.