Bone Metastasis Research Paper

This cancer is a bone cancer that attack the bones, especially large bones. This cancer is named osteogenic sarcoma(Osteosarcoma) for medical term (“Osteosarcoma”, n.d.). Osteosarcoma mostly affects people under 25 years old, and it can affect old people but it is really rare(“Osteosarcoma: An Introduction.”, 2012). When this cancer attacks, it grows bones, and any type of bone (“Bone cancer”,2013). This cancer is an ancient disease that we started to recognize in 1805. Most of the symptoms are on the bones (“Bone cancer”,2013). It also is not contagious so its not passed from person to person like other diseases.

However, with medicine advancing, we are able to understand osteosarcoma a little better. Recent studies in the past couple of months have looked at cadavers with osteosarcoma, thanks to patients who have donated their bodies to science. Upon this research they found many new discoveries, such as the direction it tends to grow and where the cancer is most likely to spread. The advancement of medicine found out that the most common way to die from osteosarcoma was pulmonary metastatic disease. This disease is caused from cancer cells spreading to the lungs.When the cancer from the osteosarcoma spreads throughout the body, it often ends up in the lungs, which then begins the vicious stages of lung cancer. Symptoms of osteosarcoma include pain and swelling, usually around the upper arm or knee, and bones that are easily fractured. The bones tend to fracture very easily where the osteosarcoma is

Fresh bone can form in response to cancer spread osteoblastic, grows abnormally and causes the bone to be weak and deformed (Fischer and Quinn, 2011).

Osteoclasts break down bone tissue during the remodeling of bones. The malignant infantile form happens when an infant inherits a copy of the defective gene from both of the parents. For the adult form to occur, however, only one defective gene is necessary. Most of the time, however, the inherited gene is not what causes osteopetrosis. Normally the adult form is caused by a newly formed defective gene that came about at the time of

Metastatic disease may be an incidental finding in asymptomatic patients. It may present with nonspecific symptoms such as malaise or weight loss, and it may present with symptoms and signs related to the metastatic site as dyspnea, lymph node enlargement, bone tenderness, or signs of increased intracranial tension.

Breathless by Lurlene McDaniel is a book where cancer destroys the dreams and future of Travis Morrison. Travis was the best diver in his town, and one of the most popular kids in school. He was sure that he would be a professional diver one day. An injury to his leg brings him to the hospital where he finds out the worst news of his life. Travis has osteosarcoma, bone cancer.

benign tumors do not metastasize to other parts of the body but the malignant tumors do. Therefore,

Bone cancer is considered as a rare disease in which cancer cells grow in the bone tissue. It requires to be treated immediately because when bone tumor grows, it presses on healthy bone tissue and can destroy it, which causes pain and swelling where the tumor is located. People has bone cancer will experience burning pain at the early stage and as the tumor develops, the pain become more persistent. Beside that, the bone can easily break due to the cancerous cells can weaken the bone. In some cases, if the tumor grows near a joint, it may make normal movements

In rare instances, basal cell cancer will spread to other parts of the body. If left untreated, it can grow into nearby areas and invade the bone or other tissues beneath the skin.

According to the Mayo Clinic (2013), Osteosarcoma sign and symptoms include the following: pain in and around the bone, swelling and tenderness near the affected site, broken or fractured bones, fatigue and unexplained weight loss. American Cancer Society (2014), says pain in the bone is the most common indicator. Initially, the pain is intermittent and occurs mainly at night. The pain gets worse with any physical activities. If a tumor is in the lower extremity, it may cause a limp. Edema in the region of the pain may not be prominent for a few weeks. You may be able to palpate a lump, depending on its location. Symptoms often go unnoticed in children and teens because pain or swelling in the limb is rather common in normal, active kids and adolescences. Unfortunately because of this, cancer goes undetected for a period of time. Osteosarcoma will weaken the bone in which it was formed, but the bone will not break. Most of the time, people with a fracture next to an osteosarcoma describe that the extremity was aching for a few months, but later noticed it became very painful once the fracture happened.

Cancer is when abnormal cells divide in an uncontrolled way and develops when the body’s normal control mechanism stops working. Cancer cells are different than normal cells in many ways that allow them to develop out of control and become invasive. Normal cells mature into distinct cell types with particular functions and cancer cells do not. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells continue to divide without stopping. Many cancers form solid tumors, which are masses of tissue. Tumors can be malignant or benign. Unlike malignant tumors, benign tumors do not invade tissues that are near. Cancerous tumors are malignant, which means these tumors invade tissues. A cancer that has spread from where it started to other places in the body is called metastatic cancer. The process is called metastasis. Treatment may help prolong the lives of some people with metastatic cancer.

The prognosis for osteoclastomas is good. Although the tumors are generally benign, pulmonary metastases can develop in some people. This causes death in 16%-25% of reported cases of osteoclastoma with pulmonary metastases. The mortality rate in patients with osteoclastomas that have not spread is only 4%. After treatment for osteoclastomas, it is recommended to get yearly check-ups for 5 years because a relapse is possible. Relapse from surgical procedures occurs anywhere from 5%-55% depending on the technique used and 10%-15% for radiation therapy. (Forsyth & Hogendoorn, n.d.)

Metastasis to the bone occurs in 30-70% of cancer patients with metastatic cancer; depending on the primary site of disease.1 Bone metastases can cause severe pain, spinal cord compression, hypercalcemia and pathologic fracture.2 In the subset of cancer patients the goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms caused by the metastasis and/or to control the growth. The primary goal of palliative treatment is to improve patient’s quality of life (QoL) and prevent or treat the symptoms of their disease.

Distant metastases are mostly identified in patients of osteosarcoma with the estimation of about 85% after surgery. Mostly they occur in lungs however it may also metastasizes to soft tissues and other different bone. Osteosarcoma is lethal because of pulmonary metastasis with widespread progression that leads to respiratory failure. Tumor metastasis and invasion are multistep complex process in which tumor cells alter cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) associations at the primary tumor site to invade adjacent tissues and thus translocated through the vascular vessels to other systems to form secondary tumors there. MMPs are family of proteolytic enzyme that plays an essential role in tumor metastasis and invasion by breaking the ECM and basement

There are a wide variety of cancers affecting people and their loved ones everyday such as breast, lung, brain, and skin cancer just to name a few. Bone cancer is a rare type of cancer not talked about quite as often, but it still affects a large number of people. It is important to learn about bone cancer and its many manifestations in order to make quicker diagnoses and hopefully move closer towards finding a cure.