When developing a budget, the first step is having a written strategic plan. This help in budgeting towards the organizations vision. The budget provides the financial resources to achieve goals. The governing board or head of the organization should approve the budget and keep current with its performance. The budget should be reviewed monthly to monitor performance, be familiar with all expenditures, and safeguard against misappropriation of funds (Lotich, 2014). The budgeting process looks several years into the future to identify a variety of financial needs that may be growing while other are decreasing. Budgets need to show how the money is to be allocated and spent (McCrie, 2007).
How are budgets created, implemented, and supervised
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Compare and contrast each method.
The payback method is the most widely used method. It determines the earnings required by an investment in order to pay back the initial capital. This method does not consider the time value of money. It does not take into account times for high interest. Payback method fails to take into account the significance of compounding or discounting required for purchase of the capital asset. The longer it takes for the initial payback the less likely it is that senior management will approve it. The initial investment rate of return (IIRR) method also overlooks the time value of money. The IIRR method considers the effects of taxes and depreciation on investments. This is something that is overlooked by the payback method. The IIRR method however, does not take into account operating cash flow, which can be a significant consideration. Senior management is more likely to buy in if the IIRR is greater than the cost of capital to the organization (McCrie,
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TARR provides interest yield that is predicted by the investment over its projected useful life. This is also known as the internal rate of return method. TARR uses a spreadsheet program. If the cash flow is the same for each quarter the calculations are preformed easily. If the flow is uneven, a trial and error process is necessary to get the net present value. Senior management is more like to approve the project if the TARR is greater than the organization’s cost of capital (McCrie,
Compute the payback period for each of the following two separate investments (round the payback period to two decimals):
125). Preparation, approval and implementation are the main steps in the development of public budgets. First the preparation must be begin with the issuance of instructions from the executives, followed by the development of department budgets by the department managers. Once all departmental budgets are completed, they are sent to the central budget office for final review and revision before being sent to the elected officials for approval. Approval is issued by the elected officials after any necessary deliberations take place. Once approved by the elected officials, the budget is considered law and must be followed. The next step is implementation. The budget is constantly implemented as funds are released over the course of the year, reviewed for appropriate use and to verify the budget is in line with projections. Finally the budget must be reviewed at the end of the year by the budget office. A comparison is made between actual figures and budgeted figures. The information gathered in this final step is used in helping to determine future budgets (Bartle, Hildreth, & Marlowe, 2013). There are two major challenges to balancing public budgets. The many actors (e.g. CEO, CFO, department heads, staff, etc.) involved in the development of a public budget and span many departments, and many units in one department making the meeting and negotiating process difficult. Due to the many constraints of policy and the law, the budget process can be long and arduous with four steps stretched into many. These are a few of the many challenges involved in developing a balanced public
In real live project with more cash flow after the pay back period would be more valuable than Project with no cash flow, yet its payback and discounted payback make it look worse. This is the reason, the shorter the payback period, other things held constant, the greater the project’s liquidity. Apart from this, since cash flows expected in the distant future are generally riskier than near-term cash flows, the payback is often used as an indicator of a project’s riskiness because the longer the payback period the higher is the risk associated with the project (Brigham, 2004) (Fabuzzi, 2003).
The capital budget process in place is to use the payback period and return on invested capital (ROIC) for the project. The payback period criterion is a flawed way to determine the value of the project because it does not take into account cash flows after the required payback period (7 years). For example, if the Energy Gel project had not
The Modified Internal Rate of Return is an underused measure for selection of projects that a company can choose because it is more effective at dealing effectively with periodic free cash flows that develop from the time that an asset is purchased through its life to the point where it is sold, ranking projects and variable rates of return through the project life. The Internal Rate of Return is an inefficient model to make decisions with because it lack the ability to account for the periodic free cash flows, proper ranking and variable returns from certain projects.
Thus, by year three the company will be making a profit off the investment as year three is 86.73 million profit by 55.35 cost giving the company a 31.38 million dollar surplus. Generally, a period of payback of three year or less is acceptable (Reference Entry) causing this project to be viable based off the payback analysis. Although, these calculations are flawed. The reason for this is because the time value of money is not taken into effect when calculating payback periods which is where IRR can further assist in a more realistic financial picture (Reference Entry).
Budgeting is the systematic method of allocating financial, physical, and human resources to achieve an organization’s strategic goals. Budgets are utilized by for-profit and non-profit organizations to monitor the progress towards the goals, assist in the control of spending, and help predict cash flow for the organization.
Organizations should prepare budgets with budget control systems in place. The financial planning of the organizations targeted operation is considered budgeting. There are processes that are essential to protecting the financial well-being of the organization. There are challenges that may arise within the organization when implementing a budget and budgetary controls.
This method is simply the number of years required to recoup the original investment cost of capital (Emory, 2007). This is a quick and easy method for giving investors a length of time that their investment would be paid for without regard to the time value of money. If the required return fits within the parameter of the payback period and other contributing risk factors are not enough of a deterrent then the investment may be worth looking at more closely.
The use of an accounting rate of return also underscores a project 's true future profitability because returns are calculated from accounting statements that list items at book or historical values and are, thus, backward-looking. According to the ARR, cash flows are positive due to the way the return has been tabulated with regard to returns on funds employed. The Payback Period technique also reflects that the project is positive and that initial expenses will be retrieved in approximately 7 years. However, the Payback method treats all cash flows as if they are received in the same period, i.e. cash flows in period 2 are treated the same as cash flows received in period 8. Clearly, it ignores the time value of money and is not the best method employed. Conversely, the IRR and NPV methods reflect that The Super Project is unattractive. IRR calculated is less then the 10% cost of capital (tax tabulated was 48%). NPV calculations were also negative. We accept the NPV method as the optimal capital budgeting technique and use its outcome to provide the overall evidence for our final decision on The Super Project. In this case IRR provided the same rejection result; therefore, it too proved its usefulness. Despite that, IRR is not the most favorable method because it can provide false results in the case where multiple negative
The discount rate is a means of calculating a value now of benefits that occur in the future. The discount rate recognizes the time value of money. A four percent real discount rate is used in the calculations. However, the high-speed train project would be economically feasible even under the higher discount rates used by some public agencies and economists. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is an evaluation measure that is
Internal rate of return (IRR) and Payback period “IRR of a project provides useful information regarding the sensitivity of the project’s NPV to errors in the estimate of its cost of capital” (Pierson et al.2011, pp.157).This proposal also shows the project is profitable by using Excel to get the IRR of 18.9%, which is
Budgeting is such an essential part for organization and it move through numbers of procedure. The process for the preparation of budget might be varied from one organization to another before it could be finally accepted. Here are some sort of important stages in budgeting process as follow:
The internal rate of return (IRR) and the net present value (NPV) techniques are 2 investment decision tools that satisfy the 2 major criteria for the correct evaluation of capital projects. This criterion is that the techniques should incorporate the use of cash flows and the use of the time value of money. This makes them viable techniques for evaluating investment proposals.
Project appraisal techniques are used to evaluate possible investment opportunities and to determine which of these opportunities will generate the best return to the firm’s shareholders. Therefore, it is vital for the firm if they wish to continue receiving funds from shareholders to employ the best techniques available when analysing which investment opportunities will give the best return. There are two types of project appraisal techniques: non-discounted cash flows and discounted cash flows. The Net Present Value and internal rate of return, examples of discounted cash flows, are in use in many large corporations and regarded as more effective than the traditional techniques of payback and accounting rate of return. In this paper, I