Critique Appraisal

The purpose of this report is to conduct a critical appraisal of a published article.

Performance appraisal is a method which is increasingly used to evaluate employees to determine the degree to which they are performing effectively and encourage them to direct their energies towards organizational performance. Although the appraisal is being practiced, there are criticisms made against the system which generally arise from within the Orthodox and radical management frame work.

In a study conducted by Hatfield and Young (2007), 1,727 procedures such as venipuncture, intravenous (IV) catheter placement, intramuscular (IM) injections, urinary catheterizations, and nasogastric tube placement in 1,210 children have been reviewed. Their findings reveal that almost none of the patients received pain management. Although traumatic for the patient, these procedures are considered to be minor by many nurses, and the culture of pain management has not been seen as the standard of care (Hatfield & Young, 2007). Nursing staff is encouraged to change the culture by embracing their role as patient advocate. Every patient deserves a triage pain assessment with ongoing assessments as necessary. Pain control measures must be implemented prior to beginning potentially painful procedures. Discussion must take place between the parents and healthcare staff in order to deliver the best comfort measures on a case-by-case basis.

Instructions: This is a group activity that you will start in class and complete at home. For each of the following, note, whether the research design used is an experiment, a quasi-experiment, or a correlational approach and why. If a study is an experiment, identify the independent variable and the dependent variable. Please type your answers in complete sentences.

Part I: The legal considerations would be to inform the participants that there would be no harm or risk to the participants. Since the participants are adolescents the researcher needs to obtain a secure informed consent from the parent or guardian before they participate. The researcher’s ethics are to provide full disclosure to the participants. The researcher should be open and honest to the participants regarding the study. The researcher’s ethical consideration is to protect the privacy of each participant. This can be accomplished by ensuring confidentiality and by having the data stored securely. Also, the researcher should

In current times, children are not getting infected with diseases in order to find curative vaccines, but they are being made part of clinical trials for studies of genetic screening, the enrollment of healthy children in studies of sibling bone marrow donation, and the use of hypothermia for neonates with asphyxia (Laventhal, Tarini & Lantos, 2012). These trial studies have become ethical dilemmas in pediatrics for various reasons, people believe that there are not strong enough regulations for these trials and also that children are not given the opportunity to make their own decisions, most of the time, because children are underage, parents are the ones who make the decision of making their children part of these studies. Current regulations for pediatric clinical trials only require the consent of one parent, unless they are high level risk trials, in which case both parents needs to give approval and the child must also assent. The issue of children given assent for high risk trials is controversial because how do we know that the children really understand the risks that are associated with the trials, do they fully understand that they could possibly get hurt and sometimes their lives can be in danger.

As per Beal & Lewis, 2014 Informed consent is a process of education and the correct education is a key to the ability to provide consent.

In case #3, the population of interest was represented in Dr. Fink et al research study. They required IV catheters for prolonged use related to hematology-oncology setting. Therefore, the inclusion criteria were met for the problem. The investigation compared dry heat versus moist heat when successfully inserting an IV catheter. Although, this study was conducted at one facility on a particular population; it’s both clinically and statistically significant. The finding was that dry heat required less nursing time, the absolute benefit increase (ABI) was 2.7 times on the first attempt, the participants had less discomfort and the nurses used fewer IV supplies. Therefore, dry heat is more cost effective, too. In Harlow et al research study, the sample selection for this randomized blind study was not representative of the population interest in case study #2 because they study osteoarthritis (OA) in both hips and knees and the case study was only hips. Also, the inclusion criteria did not match because Harlow’s study used three variables types (bracelets with strong, weak and no magnetic force). Our case study did not specify the magnetic strength. The study

2005). In addition, to the questionnaire scores they also interviewed the participants to ensure that they had no physical injuries or limitations that would prevent them from submerging their hand in cold icy water. The researchers then collected four pain-related measurements derived from other studies (Hayes et al. 1999a , b; Zettle et al. 2005) during each of two presentations of the cold pressor. Then each protocol provided a rationale about pain and its management that the college participants listened to through headphones. This was done so that there would be a minimum amount of possible experimenter bias during the study. During the second experiment similar steps were taken but at the end of the experiment three additional questions were asked to evaluate what they participants may have learned. The three questions were:

57). This exchange of information should be administered at a 5th grade comprehension level. The subject should be willing to participate in the study with no reward offered for participation. The informed consent process begins with participant selection and ends with a signed document of agreement.

According to John Hopkins Medicine (n.d.), pain is an uncomfortable feeling that tells you something may be wrong. It can be fixed, throbbing, stabbing, aching, pinching, or described in many other ways. Pain is categorized as either acute or chronic. Acute pain is usually severe and brief, and is often a signal that your body has been injured. Chronic pain can vary from mild to severe and is there for long periods of time (John Hopkins Medicine, n.d). This paper will discuss a scenario that entails which person is experiencing the most pain, how two people can have the same procedure experience different levels of pain, factors that contribute to each person’s pain level, and two complementary/alternative methods of pain control.

Pediatric pain management is measured subjectively because it is based off of what the patient says or how the nurse interprets the pain scale. Pain is rated using different scales, unfortunately these different scales could yield different results. Nurses are trained to use pediatric pain scales to analyze and treat pain but parents are not supplied with the tools to manage pain when the patient goes home. With 84% of all pediatric surgical procedures performed on an outpatient basis, the importance of teaching parents how to assess for and manage pain has become more important than ever (Rony, Fortier, Chorney, Perret, & Kain, 2010). According to Rony’s et al. (2010) study, it is apparent that pediatric pain is not being treated effectively. The study showed that 58.8% of children were receiving less than the daily recommended does prescribed by the pediatrician (p.1). Results of the study also showed that parents had false assessments on if their child was actually in pain. 36% of parents believed that if their child was in pain, they would cry out for the parent , 30% agreed that their child would always tell them if they are in pain, while 22% said that the child would report their pain immediately (Rony, Fortier, Chorney, Perret, & Kain, 2010, ). Children do not always verbalize when they are in pain. Sometimes the pain can be so intense that a child is unable to talk. If the child catches on to the parents negative perception of pain medications, the child may not

I choose “Developing an Information Literacy Workshop to Improve Evidence-Based Practice Among Nurse Practitioner Students” to summarize for this forum. The presentation was a discussion presented by Antiqua Smart on a scholarly practice project study. The purpose of the study was to develop and implement a workshop to improve Nurse Practitioner (NP) students in critical appraisal skills and clinical decision-making skills in support of Evidence Bases Practice (EBP) during clinical practicum experience and beyond (Smart, 2014).

I am in agreement with your process of critical appraisals; identifying the steps in the research process, determining the strengths and weaknesses in the studies and evaluating the validity and credibility of the studies seem to be the root elements of critical appraisals. I appreciated the scholarly article you chose linking depression and mortality among diabetes mellitus patients, particularly because of the straightforwardness of the article. it seemed the conclusion and points of the article were straight forward and the article was easy to understand. If I could suggest any addition, it would be a way to verify the credibility of the study. maybe in this study in particular there is not much incentive for lack of credibility, but in

Quasi-experimental research, which was once considered ‘flawed’ and less superior to true experimental research, has become increasingly popular over the last three to four decades in many areas, especially the social sciences (Coolican, 2014, p. 121). It differs from true experimental research design in the way that quasi-experimental research doesn’t involve random assignment of participants to groups and often has less control over the independent variable (Follmer Greenhoot, 2003, p. 94; Coolican, 2014, p. 121). An