Encephalitis Essay

Vaccines are one of the most unknown topics for people. They inject their body with chemicals without regard to what is going into their body and how it is affecting it. I, also, am guilty of doing this. To remove my ignorance and inform others, I am going to research more on this topic. By writing this paper, I am hoping to shed more light on this unfamiliar concept.

Prior to engaging in an investigation of the modern vaccination laws and policies it is first helpful to briefly explore the history of vaccines. The history of vaccines extends back centuries. The first recoded inoculation occurred in China around 1000 A.D. The history of subsequent centuries is riddled with epidemics and outbreaks throughout the world. The outbreaks often involved diseases that today are treatable through vaccination notably smallpox, measles, and pertussis (whooping cough). Edward Jenner created the first “true” vaccine in 1796. Jenner’s vaccine treated smallpox and gave its recipients immunity

Encephalomalacia is a condition that’s characterized by the softening of brain tissue due to inflammation or hemorrhage. Encephalomalacia is regarded as one of the most serious types of brain condition that can bring irreversible damage and affect the normal function of the body as a whole. In some cases, the brain is known to deteriorate and this often leads to extensive softening of the substances within. This softening can be in one specific area or spread to other areas. Tissue and organ damage is possible and may easily occur during this condition within the occipital lobe, frontal lobe, temporal lobe and parietal lobe. Effects within this specific part of the brain cause immediate stoppage of functions and is known as cerebral softening.

Many infectious diseases that once quickly spread and easily killed have been controlled or eradicated due to vaccinations. The efficacy of vaccines in reducing morbidity and mortality, particularly in children, is undeniable. Per the World Health Organization, childhood vaccinations prevent approximately 2-3 million deaths per year worldwide (WHO, 2016). In the United States, the value of immunizations is clearly displayed by comparing pre-vaccine era morbidity/mortality rates to post-vaccine era in regards to vaccine-preventable diseases. For example, prior to the diphtheria vaccine in the 1920’s, 206,000 people annually contracted the disease resulting in 15,520 deaths (History of Vaccines, 2009). However, between 2004 and 2014, only

Despite significant progress in the fight against preventable disease, millions still die needlessly each year. According to UNICEF, originally known as the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, a vaccine preventable disease is responsible for 2 million fatal infections worldwide each year. About 75% of these deaths occur in children under five years of age. (N) In more vivid terms, UNICEF notes that vaccine-preventable diseases kill a child every 20 seconds. (D) Due to high rates of childhood vaccination, the United States has experienced a dramatic reduction in such deaths. A comparison of the years 1950 and 2010 clearly illustrates the benefits of vaccinations. During this 60-year period, deaths from diphtheria reduced from 410 to 0, tetanus from 336 to 3, pertussis from 1,118 to 26, and polio from 1,904 to 0. Measles deaths dropped from 468 in 1950 to 0 in 2008, the last year a United States death rate was recorded. It’s not surprising that vaccinations have been touted as one of the top ten health achievements of the 20th century by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

The databases used for this paper included CINAHL and PUBMED. The first search on CINAHAL, using the search string “education + vaccines + children” the results were too broad and resulted in 522 full-text hits. The final search used “educational intervention + improve vaccines” resulted in 18 full-text hits and 8 full text hits respectively. Most articles were on point and up-to-date.

Research done by the Centres for Disease Control and Protection (CDC) has shown that the MMR vaccine, or the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, is 93% effective against measles after one dosage, and 97% effective after two doses. Moreover, the Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine is shown to be 98% effective after two doses, and the hepatitis B vaccine is shown to be over 90% effective in infants, children and adults alike. Despite the fact that the aforementioned vaccines aren’t 100 percent effective, their high success rates still prove that vaccines are extremely effective, thus making them essential to maintaining children’s

Vaccine completion rates were similar to those reported by others and did not differ according to the levels of intervention delivered

Since the beginning of vaccines, science has accomplished a great deal of change by eliminating several formerly fatal childhood diseases or illnesses in a world where immunization of young children is across the board. It is very important for our parents to give our children vaccines because vaccinations were made to help people live out their everyday life and beneficial to those that are surrounded by people that are vaccinated. Diseases such as measles, small pox, hepatitis B, diphtheria, rubella, and polio have been contained or eliminated in developed countries with active immunization campaigns. There has not been a single reported case of small pox since roughly 1979. With the large changes that vaccines have done to our world, this

Vaccinations have been around for centuries, keeping our family healthy without the spread of infectious diseases that could be potentially fatal. Over the years, vaccines have played a great role in eradicating diseases like the deadly small pox infection and soon polio. The discovery of vaccines has greatly increased health of those across the globe. However, children, especially young children, who have not built up their immune system yet, are more vulnerable to infectious diseases that has the possibility to spread infection quickly from person to person. Like children, though, the elderly have a weakened immune system which can be potentially fatal if they were to get an infection. To decrease the spread of infections, vaccination of

"If a man has lost a leg or an eye, he knows he lost a leg or an eye; but if he has lost a self-himself-he cannot know it, because he is no longer there to know it" Quote by Dr. Oliver Sacks. Encephalitis lethargic became and epidemic in between 1915 and 1926 spreading across the world and affecting nearly five million people. Encephalitis lethargic also known by sleeping sickness or sleepy sickness, is a very serious disease that affects the brain. This disease leaves it's victims in a state like condition, motionless, and speechless.

Phase III clinical trials were conducted between 2009 and 2011 and involved children (5-17 months of age) and young infants (6-12 weeks of age) from seven African countries (Lancet, 2015). Children were randomly assigned to receive either three doses of the RTS,S/AS01 and a booster dose after 18 months (group R3R); three doses of RTS,S/AS01 without a booster dose (group R3C); or three doses of a control vaccine and a subsequent dose of the same vaccine after 18 months (group C3C). The results are summed up in Table 1, below.

Viral encephalitis is considered as the most common infection in the CNS as it causes acute inflammation and infection to the brain (S. K. Saxena, 2008) . Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a serious mosquito borne disease caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) belonging to the family Flaviviridae (Cha et al., 2014). The Japanese encephalitis virus cause significant morbidity and mortality by infecting CNS and spinal cord. Japanese encephalitis virus (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) is an enveloped virus having 40–50 nm in diameter and it contains single stranded RNA as genome (Vashist, Bhullar, & Vrati, 2011). JE was first reported from Japan as a clinical entity in 1817 later the JEV was isolated in 1934 from a fetal human case(Erlanger, Weiss, Keiser, Utzinger, & Wiedenmayer, 2009).

Vaccines are meant to help both human and animals by providing a level of resistance to a disease beyond their innate immune status. Each aspect of a vaccine efficacy and duration of immunity is multi-factorial and often difficult to predict in all cases. Further, no vaccine is completely safe and effective in all situations for all animal patients. The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) believes that a medically based approach to vaccination protocols is an appropriate method to address the preventative health needs in multiple animal species, breeds and individual patients.

Some countries are not fortunate enough to get the routine vaccinations for themselves or their children. Also, it will be difficult to determine who’s contracted the disease from abroad so we must protect ourselves and family.