Ethos, Epistemology, Logic, Ontology, And Concept Of Self

Racism is an ideology that is based on the principle that human beings can be subdivided and ranked into categories as being inferior or superior. It’s worth mentioning that in recent years the concept or notion of racism has changed. Racism in the post-racial twenty-first century is now marked by subtlety that discriminates against individuals through unnoticeable or seemingly passive methods. Although overt racism has decreased since the 1960s, it has been supplemented by what is called colorblind racism,” which refers to “contemporary racial inequality as the outcome of nonracial dynamics” (p. 455-456).

Culture is one of the most relevant elements that can define not only a society but also a country’s cumulative beliefs and system. Often noted as the origins of a country, culture is definitive in the sense that it harbors all the elements that can provide justification on the traditions and norms set by the society for its members. More often than not, the society members follow norms in order to create a harmonious community, and the beliefs and the traditions serve as the poles or grounding rules for each member to follow. Culture is very dynamic in the way that it can change over a variety of foreign influences but what is permanent about it is that original elements about it often lingers with the influences, therefore making it multi-faceted and broad. More importantly, culture serves as an individual and unique trait each society has, and therefore sets it apart from other countries and other societies.

The Oxford Dictionary defines racism as “Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one 's own race is superior.” If further defines the same as “The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics, abilities, or qualities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.” (Oxford Dictionaries | English, 2017).There are different types of racism based on religion, nationality, ethnicity, culture, gender, sexual orientation etc.Racism expressed individually, through explicit and implicit thoughts, feelings, or acts is Individual Racism. Racism expressed socially, through institutions that promote

The Oxford English Dictionary describes racism as “prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against a group or individual of a different race based on the belief that one’s own race is superior”. It is significant when concerning oneself with the discussion of racism that a clear and concise distinction is made between the two different types of racism. Firstly there is individual racism. It is defined by overt acts carried out by an individual which can, in extreme cases; result in the death of the victim immediately. However it can also cause destruction of property, assaults, and verbal abuse and

Institutional racism is defined as “a complex pattern of racial advantage built into the structure of society – a system of power and privilege that advantages some groups over others” (Eitzen, Zinn & Smith, 2014, p. 195). Institutional racism happens when a group (minority) is being discriminated against because of their race. Individual racism is when an individual holds their own racist beliefs or behaviors. “Individual Racism is connected to/learned from broader socioeconomic histories and processes and is supported and reinforced by systemic racism” (Calgary Anti-Racism Education, n.d.).

Racism is the belief of all members of a specific race to have the same specific characteristics or abilities to that ethnicity group. Racism is directed towards a specific person’s race based on the belief that one’s race is superior to the other. Racism has been a big issue ever since history could recall. Wherever there are different racial kinds of people, there would be racism. How does history, global issues, and societal up bringing affect racism in our current society.

Racism is something many people have witnessed or experienced in communities or in other parts of the United States. Many may wonder, what is racism and how can it affect individual’s life? The typical dictionary defines racism as the prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one’s own race is superior. Discriminating others based on the color of their skin or simply because they are “different” has a significant impact, both on society and the individuals who experience it. There are three keys to understand racism: the biggest level will be institutional racism (government, laws, schools), the intermediate level is personally- mediated racism (motives, and intense by race), and lastly is internalized

Individual racism is racially hostile act of an individual directed at a member(s) of another group, whereas institutionalized racism are practices of a institution that negatively affect members of a subordinate racial group. I can remember one time in Montgomery, a predominately african american area, where we stopped to get gas and when we went to pay for it at the counter the lady was extremely rude. We brushed it off as her having a bad day, but what happened next shocked us. The people that were next in line were African American and when they got to the counter, the attitude that she gave us was gone, she was extremely pleasant. People think that racism is only when whites are putting down blacks, but it can happen to any group in many different

Throughout this course we have learned about many things, one in particular would be Racism. We have learned about many different types of racism along with examples of racism. Before I go into specific examples of racism that I have learn about in this class, I will first define and explain the differences between racism, prejudice or also known as bias, discrimination, race, and racist so there 's a clear understanding of why I picked the specific examples. The definition of racism that we learned in class would be an “Institutionalized system with disproportionate unjust outcomes for a particular race”. Prejudice or also known as bias was defined as “A negative feeling, opinion, or attitude toward a certain category or people” this would be an feeling with no action acted upon, where discrimination is defined as “Action or inaction toward a category of people” which would be acting on the negative feelings or opinions of a certain group. The definition for race is a “Social construct, but a lived reality” while a racist is “Discrimination based on the category of race”. (Disadvantage privilege notes, 2016)

Individual racism happens on a more personal level. One type of individual racism is just a racial bias. A racial bias is when you form an opinion on someone strictly based off of their race. The scary thing about this is that this can happen consciously or subconsciously. When it happens subconsciously, people do not think that they are being racist. It is like talking to a brick wall when one tries to confront them on the issue. Another stage is discrimination. This can happen on a cultural level or just because someone hates a certain race. When it is cultural, one may discriminate against others because they think their race is the superior race, but discrimination can still happen just because one may purely hate a certain race for different reasons. Another type of individual racism is same race racism. Same race racism is pretty self-explanatory. Some people hate on people that are the same race as them due to the fact that they do not like how they act, they don’t like how they look, and many other reasons.

Racism is the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races. It is the systematic oppression of people who did not set up the system of oppression (i.e. white people vs. every other POC). This system is not just institutionalized but embedded into every fabric of society from the education system, justice system, media, etc. The oppressors begin to spread their hatred through propaganda, legislation, and stereotypes, which begin to affect even the oppressed who learn to despise themselves and their culture. The oppressors lead the destruction of their lands, the genocide of their people, enslavement, low wealth and social standings amongst others because of the stereotypes that the oppressor has perpetuated. There are different types of racism: casual, institutional, and societal. Casual racism are the little jokes about race that are subtle and/or reflected in everyday life. Institutional racism is racism enacted by the government, media, or any other industry with laws or lack of representation because of any internalized/externalized racial bias. Societal racism is the racism that society is comfortable with and doesn’t seem to want to change because of the racist ideals set in place (stop and frisk, stand your ground, etc.).

Culture is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior. It includes ideas, values, and artifacts of groups of people (Schaefer, 2006). Understanding culture can be tricky, ever ask “why do people act the way they do?”, “what made me do that”, “what was I thinking?” Physical abilities, educational background, and social background of how I was raised are important aspects of my life. The environment in which I was raised is very important aspect of my life.

For the purposes of this piece, culture is defined as “the full range of human patterned experience” as described by Cole (1996) cited in Gla ̆veanu & Jovchelovitch (2017, p.113). This chapter also provides a description of the importance culture plays in psychological research.

Racism, also know as racialism, relates to the ideology that one race is “superior” or “better” than another. The term “race” came into play when the world wanted to separate the physical and psychological traits of people. Most racist beliefs provide a foundation for those in that culture who are favored by those in that society. Strickland stated, “Racist beliefs provide the foundation for extending special rights, privileges, and opportunities to the race that is believed to be superior, and to withholding rights, privileges, and opportunities from the races believed to be inferior.” Racist claims tend to be unsupported by scientists and are normally produced by those in a society. There are two types of racism: individual racism and institutional racism. Individual racism is “a term describing attitudes and beliefs of individuals” (Racism). Institutional racism is prejudice “which denotes governmental and organizational policies that restrict minority groups or demean them by the application of stereotypes,” (Racism). The government and other organizations have attempted to eliminate institutional racism, but they cannot eliminate individual racism throughout places.

Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1962) identify over 150 scientific definitions of the concept of culture. Indeed, many authors have tried to define culture and this is why there are so many definitions and that a unique one is hard to find. First of all, Kroeber and Kluckholn (1952) assume that culture is a suite of patterns, implicit and explicit, “of and for behaviour acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiments in artefacts” (p.47). Later, Hofstede adds that culture is “the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another” (Hofstede, 1991, p.51). This definition is the most widely accepted one amongst practitioners. For Winthrop (1991), culture is the distinctive models of thoughts, actions and values that composed members of a society or a social group. In other words,