Glycerol: Some Cost Effective Alternatives For Catalysts

The purpose of this experiment was to test how a substrate concentration affects catalyst activity. Each enzyme has a pH level for optimal reaction

6. The mixtures were then correctly disposed of, and steps 1. and 2. were repeated.

Grignard reagents are reactive enough to also attach esters; however, two equivalents of the Grignard reagent are usually added because less then two equivalents leave a large quantity of unreactive ester. This reaction forms a tertiary alcohol.

Using SN1 reaction mechanism with hydrochloric acid, t-Pentyl alcohol was converted to t-Pentyl chloride in an acid catalyzed reaction. The reaction took place in a separatory funnel designed to separate immiscible liquids. The crude product was extracted by transferring a solute from one solvent to another. The process of washing the solutions by phase transfer was used in order to remove impurities from the main solvent layer. Finally, the crude product was dried with anhydrous Calcium chloride and purified once more by simple distillation technique.

7. Plan: Each student in a group of three will work to purify the product of the reaction with cis-stilbene, trans-stilbene, or styrene. The crude products will be purified through recrystallization. This purification process will be performed several times. When the recrystallization is complete, a vacuum filtration will be executed to filter out the crystals. An NMR spectrum will be taken of the recrystallized product.

118℃ and 118-119℃, and 126℃ respectively), when adding heat to the solution, both reactants, 1-butanol and ethanoic acid, will boil and turn into a vapour before the ester, at approximately 118℃. Therefore, their vapour will pass through the Liebig condenser and be condensed back into liquid form to be collected as a distillate before the ester. Only when the temperature reaches approximately 126℃ will the ester undergo this same process and be distilled to obtain an ester distillate. However, as the ester is distilled after the reactants, its distillate can only be collected later as a mixture with the distillates of the reactants. Moreover, as the density of 1-butanol and the ester, 1-butyl ethanoate is very similar (i.e. 0.81gmL-1 and 0.88gmL-1 respectively), it will also be hard to identify the ester layer. Hence, if a distillation set up were used for the production and collection of the ester, isolation of ester as it forms would not be

The reaction took place in a conical vial and .2mL of each of the reactant samples were added to it along with some 95% ethanol. Two drops of NaOH were added shortly after and stirred at room temperature for fifteen minutes. The vial was cooled in and ice bath and crystallized. Vacuum filtration was performed to filter the crude product. The crude product was recrystallized using methanol and filtered again. We made one change to the procedure and instead of using .7mL of ethanol we

From Cyanogen Chloride: The trimerization of cyanogen chloride gives cyanuric chloride. In and inert diluent in the presence of hydrogen chloride.160 in other reaction At 00 in chloroform-dioxane in the presence of hydrogen chloride159. Actually activated carbon alone is probably the most efficient catalyst. 164 It operates specifically in the case of cyanogen chloride.

This sulfuric acid catalyzed Fischer esterification reaction used excess acetic acid reacted with isopentyl alcohol to create isopentyl acetate. Because the reaction is reversible it was necessary to use excess acetic acid to drive the reaction forward and favor the formation of product in accordance with Le

The solution is then refluxed for five minutes. Reflux results in purification of the mixture as well as initiates the reaction mechanism. After reflux, the solution is placed on ice to begin crystallization. Following crystallization, the resultant solid is isolated via vacuum filtration and cold DI water on the filter paper. The end product results in a molecule that is highly excited and goes to a ground state quickly once a catalyst, such as potassium ferricyanide solution is added to it.

Glycerol was partially deprotonated with the P+CH3O- by distilling off methanol under vacuum at 70 °C for 1 h in a sealed glass vessel (50 mL), and dried overnight at 110 °C). Stoichiometric PO was pushed into a vessel set in a pre-heated oil-bath for polymerization, cooled to room temperature, and the residual monomer was removed by evaporation when the polymerizations were finished. Excess methanol and cation exchange resin (Amberlite IR-120) were added to the crude products and stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. Purified PPOs were obtained after filtration and removal of methanol, and characterized by NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography

Glycerol becomes an important compound due to its outstanding characteristic between physical and chemical properties thus can be readily applicable with other materials. For physical properties, glycerol is a water soluble, almost colourless, clear, viscous, odourless and almost hygroscopic liquid with a high boiling point. In its pure anhydrous condition, glycerol has a specific gravity of 1.260 g/ml-1, a melting point of 17.9 °C and a boiling point of 290 °C under normal atmospheric pressure (Pagliaro and Rossi, 2008). In term of chemical characteristics, glycerol is a trihydric alcohol which capable of reacting as an alcohol, yet stable under most conditions. A list of physical and chemical properties which are important for its applications

Thermal and Catalytic Processing — convert a variety of new and used vegetable oils; tall oils; waste greases and animal fats into renewable diesel fuels and diesel blending stocks

Since it’s invention and birth in 1886 automobiles have influenced the world in a huge way. It saved people a lot of energy, time and money. Motorized wagons replaced horse carriages and within a few decades Ford started making affordable models of cars with higher efficiency, which revolutionized the concept of transportation. The first ever car that was built was powered by steam. But with development in science and technology other efficient fuel sources were invented. The present day cars run on petrol (gasoline), diesel, and electricity and even sound. With the increased depletion of coal and coal-derived products, the continued use of automobiles is becoming uncertain. Energy

The by-product liquids recovered could be used as fuel, or alternatively stabilized and Marketed as condensate.