Investigating The Instrument Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization ( Iastm )

Hamstring Strains (HS) are identified by acute pain in the thigh with disruption of the muscle fibres, with 47% of all HS studies stating that the BF muscle is affected (3). This can be explained because the BF muscle tendon and muscle fibres are where the most common distribution of the ground force produced during running (3). Eccentric contraction is explained by a study from Guex (4) stating that between 75-85% of the running cycle the hamstrings are undergoing an active lengthening contraction. Having this amount of eccentric contraction upon the muscles has the potential to cause an overuse injury (4). At 85% of the running cycle, the SM, ST, and BF are stretched by 8.7-12.0% which is beyond their optimum lengths (4).

When a patient tries to work through the aches and pains of either rehab or activities of daily life, they can develop pinpoint pain in their muscle due to compensation patterns that may hinder their performance. These pinpoint pains are commonly referred to as either active or latent trigger points. Active trigger points are known as highly localized, hyperirritable, taut bands of skeletal muscle fibers that can be felt by the patient without any palpation; while latent trigger points are pain-free until stimulated with palpation (Morihisa,Eskew, McNamara, & Young, 2016). These trigger points have been seen to be the cause of up to 85% of patients with the chief complaint of muscular pain (Unverzagt, Berglund, & Thomas, 2015). It is because of this that recent research on a technique called dry needling, has recently taken the sports medicine field by storm.

Hamstring strains have been one of the most common injuries around the world. Unfortunately, there has been a limited amount of success reducing the rate of this injury (Schmit, 2012). Although many researchers and doctors have studied the cause of hamstring strains, there are still many theories as to why they occur. One theory includes that there is an imbalance between the medial and lateral hamstring muscle that leads to hamstring muscle fatigue (Prentice, 2015). Hamstring strains are painful and prevalent in different types of activities. Most commonly these strains can be found in athletes that engage in running, skating, jumping sliding, kicking, and quick/fast motions (Valle, 2015).

When a patient tries to work through the aches and pains of either rehab or activities of daily life, they can develop pinpoint pain in their muscle due to compensation patterns that may hinder their performance. These pinpoint pains are commonly referred to as either active or latent trigger points. Active trigger points are known as highly localized, hyperirritable, taut bands of skeletal muscle fibers that can be felt by the patient without any palpation; while latent trigger points are pain-free until stimulated with palpation (Morihisa,Eskew, McNamara, & Young, 2016). These trigger points have been seen to be the cause of up to 85% of patients with the chief complaint of muscular pain (Unverzagt, Berglund, & Thomas, 2015). It is because of this that recent research on a technique called dry needling, has recently taken the sports medicine field by storm.

Subjects: 50 participants with PFPS between 18 and 45 years of age, with patellofemoral pain Syndrome for more than 1 month, pain level ≥ 3 on a Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), pain during at least 2 activities, such as squatting, ascending, descending stairs, and/or running, Unilateral PFPS, and participants are not on pain medication.

Validity: Overall the study is valid but limited as the study examined individual patients as a single case making the ability to generalize limited. The foremost dilemma with the study is the challenge in determining the difference in scores that correspond directly to a clinically important modification. The ability of the VAS to detect significant changes relies heavily on an established baseline as a standard to compare future data. Throughout the duration of the study, patients were asked frequently to complete the VAS and RMQ, this may possibly lead to learning effects which may impact the results of the pain and functional status

Our study proposes to examine the effects of a training program on high school female soccer athletes in regards to their risk for an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear using surrogate markers. A randomized control trial will be employed on eligible female soccer athletes that are age fourteen to eighteen taken from two different schools. We will be using a convenience sample with one school being the control group and the other being the experimental group having a total of 56 participants after accounting for attrition. A seven question screener survey was created for this experiment to help screen out possible confounders. Data will be gathered by careful measuring of the exercises performed. More specifically, weight increase, range of motion increase, and repetitions performed. A proportion test will be used to analyze the data. The purpose of this study is to determine if, at the high school level, a specialized exercise program will help decrease the chance of ACL tears through strengthening the hamstrings.

Self-report pain assessments are either one-dimensional (Appendix C) or multi-dimensional and more comprehensive (Appendix D), depending on the patient’s ability to communicate and tolerate lengthy questionnaires, and are regarded as the gold standard of pain assessment measurement as they provide the most valid measure of pain (Wood,

The role of exercise in pain perception has been widely researched over a number of years. Koltyn (2000) found that research had been taking place for more than twenty years. Previous studies have identified the significance of exercise in the treatment and rehabilitation for many patients with chronic pain (Naugle, Fillingham, & Riley, 2012). Hypoalgesia was found to occur following resistance and isometric exercise (Koltyn, 2000). However, it was suggested that further examination was required to develop an understanding of hypoalgesic responses following different modes of exercise (Koltyn, 2000). Further studies have provided evidence that healthy individuals demonstrated that sensitivity to painful stimuli is reduced with acute exercise

With viable hamstring extending, the muscle filaments will protract & the tight sensation will diminish. Hamstring extending is additionally an imperative approach to

An ideal pain measurement, therefore, consists of following qualities: (1) it has reasonably high validity and reproducibility; (2) it permits meaningful comparison of the magnitude of changes; (3) it is applicable in both experimental and clinical settings; (4) it has a good correlation with physiological measures in both both experimental and clinical settings, and (5) that it is easy to deploy in both experimental and clinical

Being involved in fitness and working with athletes it is important to help athletes understand how to relax and control their muscles. As a athletic trainer for a women’s high basketball team I am going to focus on relaxation of the muscle before an game. This is because as high school basketball players they can face many stressors throughout the day, which can cause tense muscles. If my players’ muscles are tight and tense this can results in poor performance and also increase the risk of injury in my athletes. To focus on relaxation of muscles is the Progressive Relaxation Muscle method.

DOM’s is when the muscle contracts and a person feels pain during the contraction. With pain there is usually a loss of the range of motion and strength. The symptoms usually set in about six to twelve hours after exercise and increase as time progresses until the peak is reached which is at forty-eight to seventy two hours (Valle, 2013). During the course of the study, male soccer players were used and wore a compression garment over their thigh, leaving the other unprotected in order to act as a control. Athletes performed a submaximal test on a treadmill for three minutes at eight kilometers per hour and at a three percent positive slope. They measure heart rate and oxygen consumption. The next test was an eccentric exercise and consisted of ten minutes of free running and changed to forty minutes of a ten percent downhill slope at seventy three percent of their maximal speed in the test before. An MRI machine was used to measure the thigh its chemical processes and alterations in the muscular group (Valle, 2013). The study concluded that compression garments were not only the effective at treating DOM’s but also maybe could be a preventative measure, but they need further studies to predict that. The garment also can protect against a strength reducing injury (Valle,

Gajdosik R & Lusin G. (1983). Hamstring muscle tightness. Reliability of an active-knee-extension test. Physical therapy 63, 1085-1090.

Because pain is the main issue that we are looking at absolving, we wanted to look at how patients reacted to pain. Yvonne C. Lee et al. looked at pain sensitivity and pain reactivity in osteoarthritis. The purpose of the study was to assess the experimental pain sensitivity and compare the inflammatory response to pain in 26 OA patients and 33 age-and sex-matched controls from the general population.