Karl Marx Outline

The Enlightenment caused many people to change their religious perspective while other did not. “Old Light” and “New Light” were the two split groups. “New Light” embraced the revivals going on, while “Old Lights” were not very fond of revivalism. This “warfare” caused Puritism to disintegrate because their ideal religious uniformity was broken.

The English Bill of Rights was a British law passed by the Parliament of Great Britain in 1689. The bill declared the rights and liberties of the people. The bill had a massive influence on the colonies in North America and the Constitution of the United States. It established a limited constitutional monarchy in Great Britain. It clearly established that the monarchy could not rule without the consent of Parliament.

France stood as the center for the Enlightenment because it was in a constant dichotomy between “the desire to censor dissident ideas and the desire to appear open to modernity and progress” (Hunt, 4098). Parliament hindered the monarchy’s reform efforts by using their own words of Enlightenment influence against them. This was a paradox that showed how the Enlightenment affected all levels of French life, but was applied to achieve different results. While the American Revolution and the resulting new republic was regarded as a successful application of the Enlightenment, the unstable, failed attempts at change and reformation in France led to early signs of revolution as revolts “in the name of liberty” from 1787-1789.

The passing of the English Bill of Rights ushered in a new age for England, giving the power of the Monarchy to the Parliament, and banning the Monarch from adjourning Parliament or going against the opinion of its majority. The Bill lists that many tyrannical actions that had previously been made by many kings, such as levying money and suspending/revoking laws were illegal without the consent of Parliament (Document 3), essentially giving Parliament control of the direction of English law. The English Bill of Rights was ratified by William in 1689, which directly stated multiple times that the ruler’s power was to be checked by Parliament, thus inhibiting them from exercising full power over the people, preventing tyranny. He states in Document 2 that he and his wife Mary will “concur in everything that may procure the peace and happiness of [the] nation, which a free and lawful Parliament shall determine… [and support] the securing of the whole nation the free enjoyment of all their laws, rights, and liberties,

He wanted to range the lower, middle, and upper class so he proposed the Proletariat and the Bourgeois. He did not believe in no such thing as a middle class so he expressed his fate to move the middle class to the upper class. The Proletariat’s, also known as the Lower class, did not retain enough value. They were the workers and committed to all of the work. If they wanted to refuse, they could but most of the time, they worked. Furthermore, the Bourgeois lived the good life. They were Business owners and owned the land, capital, and Factories. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, Marxism is explained in a lot of unique ways.

Beginning in 1789, the French Revolution was a time of rebellion, passion, betrayal, death, violence, and perseverance. Before 1789, King Louis XVI was taxing his poorest people heavily, whilst the rich were hardly taxed at all. The socioeconomic system in place at the time, known as the ancien regime, ruthlessly upheld the status quo. When the tension in France rose to a boiling point, fiery, young rebels to rose up against the Monarchy, the Ancien Regime, and the Clergy. These revolutionaries desperately wanted change, and they had three main principles around which their movement centered: Liberté, Égalité, and Fraternité. Liberty is the freedom to do as one pleases so long as one’s actions do not unjustifiably harm others. Equality is being considered the same. Fraternity is a sense of brotherhood and companionship. The goals of the French Revolution were initially achieved with alacrity, however they were abandoned with relative quickness as malcontented leaders quested for, and abused, power and authority.

The people that occupied Europe from the 1500s until the 1700s got bombarded with new ideas and new thoughts like reformation and/ or the Enlightenment which lead their cultural and belief to change from devoted Catholics to intellectual thinkers, and the way the average family brought upa

The Renaissance period began in Italy around 1300 and spread throughout Europe during the 1400 and 1500’s. This period signified the beginning path to incredible change in customs, ways of life and institutions that had existed in Europe for almost a thousand years. Many of the new ideas of this period still influence our lives today.

The Commons stated its intention to be more outspoken in future. James I reminded them of ‘the Divine Right of Kings’ to govern. An axiom of English constitutionalism was the supremacy of law, whereas James had come from Scotland where arbitrary jurisdictions were the rule. James pronounced that parliament had no right at all except by the divinely ordained grace of the monarch. The Commons replied if he thought that was the case in England, then he had been “misinformed”. Obviously there was a tension building. This came to a head in 1610 with Salisbury’s attempt to deal with Royal debt by a comprehensive change to modernise the whole system of tax collection (known as the “Great Contract”) which was fiercely opposed by Parliament. Those in Parliament feared proposed property taxes which if accurately assessed would be harder to avoid or pass on to the lower classes. They were determined to oppose any Royal policy that would affect their situation and the whole proposal was defeated. The next “Addled” parliament of 1614 was so troubled that no laws at all were passed, nor did it vote any taxes. There was a tidal wave of criticism of Royal policies. James I confided to the Spanish Ambassador that the Commons was ‘a body without a

America’s Revolution gave birth to real applications of Enlightenment ideals, and in doing so spurred movements of independence and democracy around the world during the same time period and into the future. “Three major events of the American Revolution had great influence on Europe: Signing the Declaration of Independence, Implementing the ideas of Enlightenment, Forming the U.S constitution” (ADD SOURCE). In the years following the American Revolution, France fell into their own revolution, which Thomas Jefferson said “[The French Revolution] has been awakened by our [American] revolution” (Strayer 784). On the dawning of the French Revolution, a Paris newspaper announced that the United States was “the hope and model of the human race” (Dunn). Because the French were our allies in our revolution against Britain, many of their leaders had a very intimate experience with our ideals of freedom and political representation. They brought back the ideas they heard and witnessed and used them to shape their own revolution against King Louis XVI, and they were the most important parts of the revolution the French people built. “The French

Resources are important to all facets and forms of life. From the smallest microorganism that feed on the small particles, to the largest whales which feed on a vast supply of krill. Even the plants that require sunlight for photosynthesis finds the sunlight as a valuable resource. Some organisms found that stockpiling resources or controlling a territory where resources are plentiful allows them to have the greater chance of survival. Humans found a way to utilize both methods, and effectively maximized their chances of survival. In the case of stockpiling resources, we see those who grow their own resources like farmers or people who hunt down for their food and save the surplus. This strategy is effective when we are talking about the individual, but in a society, we are presented with a problem. Nature only can provide so much substance to care for the people. This means that there will be people who will be able to prosper since they reaped all that nature has to offer,

The French Revolution (1789-1814) was a period that affected the outcome of world history tremendously. This is considered a major turning point in European history which has led to dramatic changes in France and other regions of the world. Various social and political issues led to the start of the revolution. Politically, France suffered under the rule of Louis XVI, who ruled by absolute monarchy. Many people had their natural rights renounced and weren’t able to have a political voice. Socially, France had divided its population within 3 estates (classes). French citizens took it upon themselves to remodel their country 's’ political structure. The French Revolution had encountered both positive and negative effects. However, many Europeans viewed the Revolution as much more than just a bloody massacre. The French Revolution was used to demonstrate new ideology that would emphasize the principles of liberty and equality throughout Europe.

The Renaissance was birthed in Italy during the fourteenth century. In the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the Renaissance spread to Germany, France, England, and Spain. However, different aspects appealed to all of these regions. In England, France, and Spain, Renaissance culture was aristocratic but in Germany, vital lay piety and no monarch created anticlerical blend of thought.

A key point of his argument is the idea of alienation. He believes the worker or proletariat becomes estranged from himself, his work and other workers. He believes humans meet their needs of existence by using labor as a sense of well being. In this capitalistic system of private ownership the workers are robbed of their self worth and identity. The worker is estranged from the products he creates which helps aid in the hostile relationship between the two classes, which will lead to a revolution.

Karl Marx was an idealist. He observed the cruelties and injustices that the poor working class endured during the period of industrial revolution, and was inspired to write of a society in which no oppression existed for any class of people. Marx believed in a revolution that would end socialism and capitalism, and focus on communist principles. The Manifesto of the Communist Party, written by Karl Marx and edited by Frederick Engels, describes the goals of the communist party for ending exploitation of the working class and creating a society in which there is equality in society without social classes.1