Passive Transfer Lab Report

Acquired Immune System – Specific for distinct pathogens and the ability to create immunological memory; requires presentation of foreign antigens by antigen presenting cells(Rodriguez, 2014, p. 86).

Hypothesis: The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the question will different food sources affect the level of activity of detoxification enzymes in bean beetles? The class alternate hypothesis is different food sources will affect the level of activity of the detoxification enzymes in bean beetles. The null hypothesis is the different food sources will not have any effect on the level of activity of the detoxification enzymes in bean beetles. Experimental design: The independent variables in this experiment were the types of beans (bean 1 was mung beans and bean 2 was adzuki beans) and enzymes assays used.

They have rapid effector function and produce large amounts of IFN-, IL-4 and IL-5 within hours of antigenic stimulation (Lanzavecchia and Sallusto, 2000).

As a result most farms experience incidences of disease which may lead to morbidity and/or mortality. Since the environment is full of pathogenic micro-organisms that will subject the calf to diseases, calves have to be protected from the adverse effects of pathogens. Furthermore, there are other stressors such as heat, weaning, dehorning which may exacerbate the effects of diseases in calves. As mentioned earlier calves receive colostrum which offers protection against pathogens in the first few weeks of calves’ life. However, after three weeks, the calf immune system is still developing but not yet fully developed to defend itself against disease causing organisms. As a result calves are usually supplemented with antibiotics in milk or feed to reduce the effects of

The Innate Immune System and Pattern Recognition Receptors – The innate immune system, which is also known as the non-specific immune system, is an important component of the immune system that recognizes and responds to potential pathogens in a “generic” fashion. In contrast to the adaptive immune system, the innate immune system does not confer long lasting/protective immunity. The innate immune system is typically considered the first line of defense and displays the ability to discriminate against “self” (host) vs. “non-self” (non-host/potential pathogens). In order to recognize non-self molecules the innate immune system utilizes a range of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect molecules associated with potential pathogens.

Every area beneath addresses one of the antibody types.Attenuated immunizations can be made in a few separate ways. Probably the most widely recognized routines include passing the infection creating infection through a progression of cell societies or creature incipient organisms (ordinarily chick developing lives). Utilizing chick developing lives as a case, the infection is developed in distinctive incipient organisms in an arrangement. With every section, the infection gets to be better at recreating in chick cells, however loses its capacity to imitate in human cells. An infection focused for utilization in an immunization may be become through—"passaged" through—upwards of 200 separate incipient organisms or cell societies. In the long run, the constricted infection will be not able to recreate well (or by any means) in human cells, and can be utilized as a part of an immunization. The majority of the techniques that include going an infection through a non-human host create an adaptation of the infection that can in any case be perceived by the human insusceptible framework, yet can't duplicate well in a human

Naïve B lymphocytes express two classes of membrane bound antibodies, IgM and IgD that function as the receptor for antigens. These naïve B cells are activated by antigens. The activation of B lymphocytes results in the proliferation of antigen- specific cells, also called clonal expansion and their differentiation into effector cells that actively secrete antibodies. During their differentiation, some B cells may begin to produce antibodies of different heavy chain classes (or isotypes). This process is called heavy chain class (isotype) switching. Repeated exposure to a protein antigen results in the production of antibodies with increasing affinity for the antigen. This process is called affinity maturation and it lead to the production

This includes specific and non-specific action. Non-specific immunity includes phagocytosis (Figure 3). This is a process in which a phagocyte with specific receptor will bind to a pathogen with a complementary receptor, this causes the membrane of the phagocyte to wrap around the pathogen, engulfing it to create a phagosome6. A lysosome then fuses with the phagosome and secretes enzymes to hydrolyse the pathogen into peptide chains7. The peptide chains leave the phagosome and join the genes presented on the outside of the membrane of the phagcyte to create a MHC type 2 (major histocompatibility complex).7 The MHC allows specific parts of the immune system to activate.7 The non-specific immune system is important as it prevents the need for the specific immune system which requires more cells and uses more

The innate response works as phagocytes (such as neutrophils and macrophages) following the chemotactic signal produced from dendritic cells phagocytose and breakdown the bacteria (Thakur, Anand, Tiwari, Singh, Tiwary & Shankar 2015). The adaptive immune response (third line of defence) then develops in about two weeks and has two routes targeting specific bacterial antigens; the cell-mediated response and the humoral response (Gonda 2015). The cell-mediated response works as the sentinel cells, specialized as antigen-presenting cells (APCs: macrophages, dendritic cells, and B Cells (Mogensen 2009)), digest the bacteria and presents an antigen peptide fragment on either a MHC Class I or MHC Class II receptor on it's surface membrane to the T Cell receptor (TCR) of naive T lymphocytes (Gonda 2015); see Figure 1. Presention on the MHC Class II receptor (usually macrophages) binds to the CD4+ T-Helper Cells (TH-Cells) TCR, and the APC secretes interleukin IL-1, activating the TH-Cell (Coico & Sunshine 2015) and resulting in secretion of IL-2 that proliferates more TH-Cells, and activates B Cells and Cytotoxic T Cells, alongside other interleukins that activate macrophages (Thakur et al. 2015). However, presentation on MHC Class I receptors (present on every nucleated cell), results in CD8+ T-Cytotoxic cells recognizing it with

Some lab techniques learned in this lab are decanting, using a pistol grip when transferring beakers to one place to another and during decanting, and using a piece of partially submerged aluminum wire in the copper sample, shaking the wire around, and dislodging any particle of copper precipitate forming on the aluminum wire. Decanting is a lab method used to separate mixtures of solutions and solids by allowing the solid to rest at the bottom of the solution and slowly pouring the liquid out of the container with the help of a glass rod. Solutions are decanted at an angle of approximately 45 degrees so that it allows the solid particle to slowly slide out of the beaker while the liquid can pour out. If a solution was decanted at a 90 degree

Part 1: Blood LAC at arrival as potential predictor variable in feedlot calves with BRD.

Cytotoxic T Cells (CTCs) are comprised of alpha beta chains that have the ability to directly kill infected cells. As a major component of the adaptive immune system, the function of CTCs are to “scan the intracellular environment in order to target and destroy infected cells”. Small peptide molecules, presented on behalf of the entire cell, are transported to the cell surface as pMHC, allowing TCRs on the surface to detect any foreign signals in the method explain above. The diagram below shows how the antigen fragment inside the cell associates with an MHC molecule and is transported to the cell surface. CTC responses to disease are initiated through the interaction between the TCR, and these protein fragments derived from ‘foreign’ invaders that are presented by pMHCI on the surface of infected cells. “The affinity between CD8 and the MHC molecule keeps the T cell and the target cell bound closely together during antigen-specific activation” specially conducted in CTC due to the complex bonds within the CD8. Once a CTL has identified a cell expressing a ‘foreign’ class 1 MHC, the infected cell is eliminated. The structure of the receptors on these CTCs are specialised for this due to its double edged variable region, as shown in the diagram, allowing for additional binding to co receptor CD8, facilitating the phagocytosis on the pathogen if necessary. CDR3 is found on the TCR in CTCs as CTCs interact with a large number of different cell types and recognise a diverse

Humans and other vertebrates have adaptive, or specific immunity, which involves the use of T cells and B cells, classes of white blood cells known as lymphocytes. An antigen is any substance that causes a response from the T cells or B cells; the binding site of the antigen is called an epitope. While helper T cells secrete cytokines to promote response, cytotoxic T cells employ toxic proteins to attack and kill cells infected by virus or pathogens from within the cell itself.

Antibodies are specific vaccine-induced immune effectors that are produced by B lymphocytes, and have the capability to bind with toxin or a pathogen. Other latent

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