Public Health P1. P2

John Snow born on the 15th March 1813 – 16th June 1858 grew up in the poorest region of York and subsequently specialised his life establishing the link between the cholera infection he had first encountered in 1831 in Newcastle and water as its vector. Snow’s most famous attribute was his research relating to the cholera outbreak in the London Epidemic of 1854. ‘On proceeding to the spot, I found that nearly all the deaths had taken place within a short distance of the [Broad Street] pump. There were only ten deaths in houses situated decidedly nearer to another street-pump. In five of these cases the families of the deceased persons informed me that they always sent to the pump in Broad Street, as they preferred the water to

Dr. John Snow was known as an intelligent physician who had a background with anesthesia advancements. He believed that cholera was a waterborne disease and that it was contaminated by the sewage. Snow’s goal was to convince others about the issue and stop it from spreading. His theory about the intestinal disease, in which was published in 1849 in an article, was laughed at and many doctors believed that his idea was “wrong” and they continued to believe that it was airborne. He wanted to prove many wrong and begin to further research and experiment the disease.

Although most disease struck the poorest, the upper class was not fully immune. Because people wanted to move to cities to make their lives better, they were forced to live around these diseases without proper means for prevention, protection, and recovery. Once contracting the disease, they would either die within hours or suffer from uncontrollable diarrhea and pain. In addition, scientific knowledge on disease was not as developed as it fortunately is today. Doctors had not yet learned the concept of a germ theory and instead associated the disease with the “bad air” that surrounded toxic, polluted cities. This “bad air” was known as miasa and was incorrectly used to explain the spread of cholera in major cities during the mid 1800s. After studies and research, doctors noticed that there was a heavy concentration of miasmata near certain rivers, but they still connected it to a lack of air quality in bustling cities such as Manchester, London, and Paris. Although air pollution and coal emissions did play a role in certain illnesses, they were not the main cause for diseases such as cholera. Poor ventilation, dirty homes, malnourishment, and no access to clean water made people easily susceptible to a ruthless disease like cholera. Moreover, causes of cholera were investigated more thoroughly after John Snow’s theory claimed that cholera was spread through the water John Snow was an English physician who is today considered one of the fathers of modern epidemiology, the branch of medicine that deals with the distribution and control of diseases relating to health. Finally, doctors could see cholera in a new light and were able to find better means of protection and prevention for its victims. Today, doctors recognize the germ theory of disease which states that some diseases are caused by microorganisms, and not just by “bad

One reason why I believe that Aneurin Bevan played the most important role would be that he was part of the Labour government who introduced the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948 and was responsible for the dissolution of strong opposition from doctors who were apprehensive about the introduction of free health care. When the NHS was initially set up, doctors were concerned that they would lose money, as well as freedom, as a result of the closure of their private practices

John Snow linked a cholera outbreak in London to contaminated water from the Thames River. His method for investigating the cholera outbreak in 1849 was using the natural experiment. The Natural Experiment is still used today in the study of environmental health problems. Snow also provided expert witness testimony on behalf of potential disease agents. Thus, he attempted to extrapolate from the health effects of exposure of the high doses would be. In 1855, he tried to introduce to the British Parliament the Nuisances Removal and Disease Prevention Amendments bill. The bill was reformed of Victorian public health legislation that followed the 1854 cholera, in which Snow’s argument was the deleterious health effects from the low levels of exposure

-Public health is a services which focused on promoting the health status of the population. To accomplish this mission, we have to do some assessments by diagnosing and investigating health issues, develop a policy by mobilizing community partnerships, inform, empower and a quality assurance by enforcing laws, develop and apply public health science.

The scientist I decided to write about is Edward Jenner who lived from 1749-1823. He was born in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England (The Jenner Institute, 2015). His father was a preacher and died when Edward was five years old, orphaning Edward (Famous Scientists, 2015, Riedel, 2005). He went to school in Wotton-under-Edge and Cirencester (The Jenner Institute, 2015). While he was attending school, his older brother inoculated him for a disease called smallpox when he was only eight years (Adler, 2004, The Jenner Institute, 2015). When Jenner was 14 years old, he studied under a surgeon, Daniel Ludlow, for 7 years where he learned about surgical and medical practice (The Jenner Institute, 2015, Riedel, 2005). In the year 1770 at the age of

Sir John Simon was most known for being the first Chief Medical Officer from 1855-1876 under the British Government. He was also known as a pathologist and a General surgeon.

Louis Pasteur was a French bacteriologist who essentially pioneered microbiology. While working at the University of Lille he was approached by a local and was asked to determine why his distillery was having issues with his fermentation. Pasteur discovered germs caused fermentation and were the problem. He went on to discover the secrets to food preservation and created pasteurization. In his later years he studied immunology and eventually invented a vaccine for anthrax in animals. He went on create a vaccine for rabies which he used to save a boy who had been bit by a rabid dog. Due to Pasteur’s work treatment for other diseases like cholera, diphtheria, and tuberculosis were created.

Louis Pasteur had an idea that germs existed and carried diseases. He also believed that dirty instruments and hands could spread the diseases. So his mission was to help find a process that killed the germs to prevent the spread of diseases. His biggest discovery was when he found that weak forms of disease could be used as an immunization to block stronger forms of the virus. This was a huge

John Snow was born in 1813 and died in 1858. He was among a group of physicians for the time period that “led the world in the discovery of microbes, vaccines, and advanced scientific and biomedical knowledge about communicable diseases”(2013, Merrill, 333). Also in this category of physicians included Ignaz Sammelweis, MD, Louis Pasteur, and John Koch, MD. As a distinguished anesthesiologist in England, Dr. Snow administered chloroform to Queen Victoria during the birth of her children. Among many other accomplishments, Dr. Snow is most noted for his work in the field of epidemiology and is considered one of the most important contributors. “Many of the approaches, concepts, and methods used by Snow in his epidemiologic work are still useful and valuable in epidemiologic work today”(2013, Merrill, 29). His work focused on cholera investigations. It was in the Soho District of London, when Dr. Snow removed the handle from the Broad Street pump to cease the cholera

alements. He also pioneered the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine. Also there was a huge,

researched the work of Louis Pastuer who studied in the field of medicine. He was often motivated by his curiosity about why something in the natural world would happen. In the case of fermentation, he was motivated by the fact that there was a problem in the industrial sugar factories and breweries. He also developed vaccines to prevent the death of animals and humans. Louis Pastuer often asked questions about how something could be prevented. There was a great significance of his works in our modern society. He helped develop the ideas of epidemiology and public health. Sterilization and vaccinations were discovered by him and those have a massive effect on the health of people today. Louis also discovered pasteurization which protects people

Furthermore, The Institute of Medicine defines public health as “what we, as a society, do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy” (Childress 170). This definition reveals that public health is a society’s own actions to create effective “conditions” to live healthily. Public health is a community effort and requires a regulatory body of its own to set standards. In our own society, our government and

Principles of public health are basically the essence and fundamentals of the public health practice. Public health are the sum total measures adopted to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life of the population.