Study Characteristics

Research has shown that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be as successful as medicine in treating many types of depression and other mental health disorders it can be completed in a relatively short time compared with other talking therapies and because it is highly structured, CBT can be provided in a number of different formats such as through computer programs, groups and self-help books. Some research suggests that CBT may be better than antidepressants at preventing the return of depression. It is thought to be one of the most effective treatments for anxiety and depression.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is among the most extensively tested psychotherapies for depression. Many studies have confirmed the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as a treatment for depression. This paper will provide background information about the intervention, address the target population, and describe program structure and key components. It will also provide examples of program implementation, challenges/barriers to implementing the practice, address how the practice supports recovery from a serious mental illness standpoint and provide a summary. Although there are several types of therapy available to treat depression and other mood disorders, CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) has been one of the most widely

This essay will review the literature on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy was developed by Aaron Beck in the early 1960s and originally it was defined as cognitive therapy (CT). According to Beck (1967, 1976) cognitive therapy is a time restricted but structured approach, which is used effectively in treatment of many different mental illnesses. Despite the fact that the literature covers this therapy in a variety of contexts, this paper will mainly focus on applying CBT to depression. Depression can be described as a type of afflicted psychological well being, where the individual lacks confidence in their own worth (DH, 2004). Overall, this paper will review literature which is of

In the therapy setting, “hypnotherapy is guided hypnosis, or a trance-like state of focus and concentration achieved with the help of a clinical hypnotherapist” (Psychology Today, 2018, para. 1). When using this technique it allows clients to turn off everything around them and put their focus towards their main problem. It is also used for a variety of situations such as anxiety and to help improve sleeping, and this is why I thought it would be a great option for my client; there’s no medication involved and it’s completely natural. There are many different techniques to use when performing hypnotherapy, but normally he client will be in a calm state of mind and the hypnotherapist will relax them into their situation. He/she will guide them to think of their horrific situation in ways to improve their self and to be able to change the way they might think and/or behave when they are confronted by events that may remind them of that specific event. Many people are misinformed of what actually goes on in hypnotherapy; they think the client will be unconscious and unaware of what is going on, however this is not the case and the client is very aware of what is going on around them including what they are thinking. There is no set time limit of the hypnotherapeutic session, because it can take the client awhile to open up to the hypnotherapist and allow their self to think comfortably of the event that is causing them problems. Then when the client is comfortable enough to start the process it could take them awhile to overcome the event and allow their self the ability to improve from it. In a study it was found that hypnotherapy was very successful when used in the therapeutic

Hollon, S. D., PhD. (1990). Cognitive therapy for depression. Psychiatric Annals, 20(5), 249-251,255-256,258. Retrieved from https://ez.salem.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/894194358?accountid=13657

At some point in our life we may be faced with the question, “Is hypnosis real?” The question can be presented anytime and anywhere. Whether it takes place before your eyes at the county fair or in the office of a psychiatrist, hypnotherapy is sure to raise some interest. The issue at hand, for most individuals, is trying to debunk as to whether or not one can actually rely on hypnotherapy. Does hypnotherapy truly resolve a problem or is the whole act just a placebo effect to suppress memories or habits?

There are some limitations to this literature review. One limitation is some of these studies may be outdated being that they are from the 1990s (i.e: Dulit et. al, 1990; Miller et. al, 1993; and Dougherty et. al, 1999). Another limitation is some of the studies were not randomized samples (i.e: Miller et. al, 1993 and Tragesser et. al, 2013). If samples are not random this could mean the results are bias.

Hypnotherapy has been used in the field of medicine for the treatment of different medical conditions. Some of the evidence about the effectiveness of hypnosis is pain relief, psychological changes, and emotional disorders among others have been recorded. Hypnosis continues being useful in the field of medicine, and the users are expected to continue increasing. This paper focuses on the role of hypnosis in medicine today (Gonsalkorale, 1996).

The American Psychological Association has defined the practise of hypnotherapy as a “procedure during which a health professional …suggests that a client… experience changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts or behaviour”.

Over the course of my career I have been trained in interventions from various theoretical orientations, with particular emphasis on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). I always find myself gravitating to the structure of CBT, which in order to be effective, requires collaboration between the provider and patient to identify maladaptive patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors within the context of the individual’s environment. The CBT approach has a wide array of carefully constructed exercises, in addition to various protocols, to help clients evaluate and change their thoughts and behaviors.

Hypnosis as it is practised refers to an interaction between two people, one of whom is identified as the hypnotist, the other as the subject/client, (P2 Hypnotherapy handbook, by Heap and Dryden). Hypnosis is a process in which psychological, mental emotions, reactions and behaviour are changed to improve health and positive wellbeing. During this essay I will talk about the history and what the psychological and physical aspects of hypnosis are. Further to that I will be discussing the role of relaxation in hypnotherapy, why some of us are more susceptible and how hypnosis has been used in medicine, as well as the comparisons to hypnosis today.

Hypnosis is a method of deep relaxation where the subject is open to suggestions. The “supportive research” of hypnosis and hypnotherapy is highly anecdotal. Most conclusions about hypnosis and hypnotherapy are based on personal accounts rather than facts or research. Lilienfeld and Landfield (2008) explain, “Informal testimonials and anecdotes suggesting that a technique is effective can sometimes provide a justification for investigating that technique further in systematic studies (Gilovich, 1991), but they are never sufficient for concluding that a technique is effective” (p 1221). People present their stories as a positive experience because nobody wants to collects failures or tell the world about their incomplete successes. Furthermore, hypnosis and hypnotherapy depends on subjective validation. Subjective validation means a person considers a statement or piece of information to be correct if it has personal meaning or significance. Individuals who attend hypnotherapy are already motivated to change their behavior of some sort. In fact, the individuals already encompass a certain amount of faith in the process.

Treatments using anti-depressants is well documented, but there are very few studies documenting only the use of psychotherapy. However, in one study done using the Cognitive–behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP) as a maintenance treatment, the overall findings show that psychotherapy in itself can be successful. “ There were 82 patients who were treated with CBASP long term. Patients were chosen at random to reduce their treatment to monthly or to an observational status. The patients, only treated monthly with CBASP, showed a smaller amount of reoccurring symptoms then the patients in the observational status. These findings support the use of only CBASP as a maintenance treatment for depression.” (Klein, 2004)

| Based on explicit knowledge and this can be easy and fast to capture and analyse.Results can be generalised to larger populationsCan be repeated – therefore good test re-test reliability and validityStatistical analyses and interpretation are

Terms discussed in paper: CBT: Cognitive-behavioural therapy; HEP: Health enhancement program; TAU: Treatment as usual; TRD: Treatment-resistant depression; Mediators: Measurable changes during a treatment; MBCT: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy;