Sub-Saharan Africa Research Paper

According to the Millennium Development Goals Report 2012, “783 million people, or 11 per cent of the global population, remain without access to an improved source of drinking water. Such sources include household connections, public standpipes, boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs and rainwater collections.” (United Nations, 2012) The United Nations Water Conference in 1977 along with a few other conferences, addressed helping approximately “1.3 billion people in developing countries gain access to safe drinking water.” (United Nations, 2012) While there is progress being made, we see that various regions without clean drinking water. Reports show, “In four of nine developing regions, 90 per cent or more of the population now uses an improved drinking water source. In contrast, coverage remains very low in Oceania and sub-Saharan Africa, neither of which is on track to meet the MDG drinking water target by 2015. Over 40 per cent of all people without improved drinking water live in sub-Saharan Africa.” (United Nations, 2012) It is shown that rural areas still lack drinkable water as opposed to urban areas. Consistent improvement has been made to supply populated areas with a reliable source of drinking water. However, research shows, “Coverage with improved drinking water sources for rural populations is still lagging. In 2010, 96 per cent of the urban population used an

Main Point: Third world countries lack accessibility to clean water exposing them to disease and harmful toxins that result in 2.4 million deaths annually (Bartram, 2010).

During the age of cross-cultural interactions, regions went through similar changes and continuities. These regions allowed consistent causes and effects to emerge and change their societies. These changes and continuities are evident in the regional societies located within Sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas. In Sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas from 600 to 1450 CE, opportunities for women changed, however religion and labor continued to influence society.

Two out of every five people living in Sub-Saharan Africa lack safe water. A baby there is 500 times more likely to die from water-related illness than one from the United States. This is a serious ongoing issue that requires the rest of the world to take action. Water spreads diseases easily if the necessary precautions are not taken. Many developing African countries don’t have sewage treatment, or the people don’t have methods to filter and disinfect. Once a person is sick either there is no way to cure them, or medical care is too expensive, so they are left untreated with a high risk of death. Although many believe that the fight for sanitary water in Africa is insurmountable, people in these developing countries can overcome their challenge to access clean water and avoid water-borne diseases through proper sewage treatment facilities, universal water filtration and medical care.

Water contamination is one of the reasons are health and many other people’s health is not good. Half of the world’s hospital beds are being used for people that are suffering from a water related disease. Globally, about 1.8 billion people use a drinking water source that is contaminated with feces. Contaminated water can transmit many different diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and polio. Eighty-eight percent of diarrhea are estimated to be attributable from unsafe drinking water.

Access to clean drinking water, piped directly into one’s household is not an option for millions households living in middle- and low-income countries. According to a 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) report, only 58 percent of the world’s population receives their drinking water from a piped connection which goes directly into their homes (WHO/UNICEF 2015). Households that leave their home to collect water rely on water sources that provide varying quality of drinking water. The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) defines improved drinking water sources as those constructed to provide protection from outside contaminants, specifically fecal matter (WHO 2012). However, having access to an improved drinking water source does not

South Sudan’s history doesn't start in 2011 when it gained independence from Sudan. The History of modern Sudan started in the 1820’s with the Turkish-Egyptian occupation. Before that the area of Sudan was controlled by Nomadic tribes and small kingdoms. Although this occupation failed to control all of South Sudan. There were still large areas outside its control. It isn't until the late 1890’s that what is known as Sudan and South Sudan are united under the same rulers. It then took another 55 years for the two territories to be united. After Sudan became 1 country South Sudan spent half a century fighting for independence from the north.

The North African countries are politically and culturally different from the rest of the African countries. The countries of North Africa are part of the Arab world, as members of the Arab League. Arabic is the language spoken in the region, with a population comprised mostly by Arabs and Berbers. Islam is the main religion in North Africa, due to the Islamic empires that extended in this region. North Africa is further divided into two smaller regions: Maghreb and the Sahara. The Maghreb region makes up northwestern Africa along the Atlas Mountains, including Western Sahara, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. The countries in the Sahara region are Egypt, Sudan, and South Sudan (Maps of World).

In the many death cases that have been researched, most of the accidents that occurred in these rural areas has some type of relations to water. Inadequate water can lead to illnesses, diseases, and sometimes death. Along with the exponential population growth in West Africa, this epidemic is becoming more of a harsh reality every single day. With 94% of the 1.4 million deaths every year due to Diarrhea, a search for a better cost-effective and sanitary water treatment is an emergency that needs to be taken care of

In third-world countries, water and sanitation facilities are often scarce or unreliable. Contaminated water and poor sanitation are linked to transmission of diseases such as chorea, dirrhoea, hepatitis, typhoid and polio. Each day 2000 children die from diarrhoea caused by contaminated water an inadequate sanitation and hygiene and overall around 842000 people are estimated to die each year. These diseases have the insidious effect of reducing people’s ability to access education and earn income – 272 million school days are lost each year to water-related diseases.

The effects from lack of clean water on children in Ethiopia has become out of hand, and needs to stop. Millions of children die from lack of clean water every year. The children and families are forced to drink the dirty water contaminated with plentiful amounts of harmful bacteria. These bacteria cause diseases killing thousands upon thousands of children everyday. Ethiopia Water Project reports that “300,000 children die from waterborne diseases and it is the leading cause of infant mortality.” The Ethiopian government needs to make a bigger effort to educate the families about the effects of dirty water, and to bring clean water pumps to villages in order to allow everyone to be able to live a safer more abundant life. Children in Ethiopia

“Water, the stuff of life and a basic human right, is at the heart of a daily crisis faced by countless millions of the world’s most vulnerable people.” As stated by the UN, every 15 seconds a child dies of water related diseases. Globally most of us don’t have clean water but in Africa clean water is very scarce. As stated by the Guardian, half of the worlds hospital beds are filled with people suffering from water related diseases. Today, around 2 million children in Africa die every year because of water related diseases. Infants and young children are especially susceptible to diseases because their immune systems are experiencing everything for the first time.

Trade unintentionally strengthens and weakens the power of Africa. Axum is located in Africa the location is now known as northern Ethiopia, their economic foundation was a highly productive agriculture that used a plow-based farming system, unlike most of Africa, which relied on a hoe. They taxed their trade and it provided a major source of revenue for the Axumite state and the complex society that grew up within in it. The lack of potentials can make the region lack power and can result in collapsing societies. The more people can produce merchandise for their own good or to trade for better merchandise will help with growing power. Trade dilemmas will not only shape society in which they live in, but

Diarrhoea is a leading cause of death in children under five years of age globally; with an estimated of 1.5 million child deaths per year and that, these diarrhoeal diseases are the most common health outcome of unsafe water and poor sanitation this leads to further health impacts of water poverty (WHO, 2008, p. 422). Liu et al., (2012, p.381) stated that diarrhoea caused by lack of water, sanitation and hygiene is a leading cause of death in children under five years globally. Gasana et al., (2002, p. 76) stated in their study conducted in Rwanda, that the impact of water supply and sanitation on diarrhoeal morbidity among young children is socioeconomic and cultural.

Diarrhoea is one of the causes of the uppermost mortality and morbidity in children, predominantly in children younger than 5 years. In world, 6 million children die each year from diarrhoea, where the common deaths come about in developing countries (Parashar et al., 2003). Casualty due to diarrhoea in developing countries is estimated to have declined from 4.6 million deaths in 1982 to 2 million deaths in 2003 (WHO, 2003), which translates to 18% of deaths of children under the age of 5 between 2000-2003 (Usfar, 2010), mostly among young children in developing countries (Kermani, 2010). In mainly diarrhoeal deaths in India were 0.212 million in 2010 (Liu et al., 2012). Although mortality due to acute diarrhoea in children has decreased both in developed and developing countries in recent years after the introduction of oral dehydration solution. Those associated with persistent diarrhoea occur in malnourished children and is usually disproportionately high, accounting for up to 45% of diarrhoeal deaths in Brazil, Bangladesh and in several African countries (Prescott et al.,2002).