The Cerebellum Research Paper

Q1: The cerebral cortex is a highly organized, six layered structure (L1-6) with a variety of excitatory and inhibitory cell types. Excitatory (glutamatergic) neurons make up 80% of the cortex and consist of pyramidal and spiny stellate (granule) neurons. Inhibitory (GABAergic) neurons make up only 20% of the cortex and consist of four different subtypes: non-fast spiking serotonin expressing GABAergic neurons, martinotti cells, basket cells, and chandelier cells (Petersen & Crochet, 2013; Shipp, 2007). The total number of neuronal cells in the adult human cortex is 21.4 billion for females and 26.3 billion for males; however, there are also non-neuronal cells present in the cortex (Pelvig, Pakkenberg, Stark, & Pakkenberg, 2008). The major non-neuronal cells are glial cells and consist of: oligodendrocytes (75% of non-neuronal cells), astrocytes (20%) and microglia (5%) (Pelvig et al., 2008). The layering of the cortex is highly organized, with specific cell bodies located in each layer. Layer 1 receives input from other cortical layers as well as subcortical layers and is comprised solely of inhibitory neurons, although there are axons and dendrites that project onto these neurons in addition to non-neuronal cells (Petersen & Crochet, 2013). Layers 2/3 are difficult to differentiate from one another, and often referred to as the supragranular layers. These layers contain medium sized pyramidal cells that have densely packed and highly aligned apical dendrites and make

45.Cerebellum: the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; processes sensory input and coordinates movement output and balance.

Connected to the brain stem and is located in the back of the brain is the cerebellum. The cerebellum is responsible for motor coordination and also some learning involving movement. Once someone learns a new motor action that information is held in the cerebellum.

b. Cerebellum- Controls all involuntary rapid fine motor skills, for example, sitting upright, controlling muscles needed to keep a person from falling from a chair. Also coordinates walking, dancing, skating and movements of speech if damaged a person could become extremely uncoordinated. (Motor skills needed to control sit up in the vehicle, holding onto the steering wheel, pressing gas and brake pedals. Moving legs, arms, turning head in order to look a

The cerebrum is situated at the back of the brain. The cerebrum is divided into two cerebral hemispheres, left and right. It consists of the corpus, callosm, and nerve fibers. The left and right hemispheres communicate with each other. The brain stem “connects the brain to the spinal cord” (Lu & Bludua, 2011), which regulates the body. The cerebellum is positioned beneath the cerebrum. It manages a person’s equilibrium and coordination.

I decided to analyze how the different areas of the brain are affected by walking across campus, on a sunny day where you pass a friend or two on the way to your next class. As you start walking across the quad the first think that is affected is your Cerebellum, this is because in order to move and not fall over you must have the cerebellum processing your actions, in this case walking. This is because the cerebellum helps to coordinate voluntary muscle movements as well as balance, coordination and your posture. While walking across campus you run into Julie, you say hi and wave as you pass. The action of speaking is also possible because it is coordinated by your cerebellum. Maybe you decide to take a drink of water on the way. This is processed by the Medulla along with the

Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: motor and cognitive circuits: The basal ganglia and cerebellum are the major motor structures of the brain. In this study, several cortical areas were examined as the targets of the signals sent by the basal ganglia and the cerebellar output. This article examined

The arrangement of the human brain comes from the physical arrangement set as an embryo. The forebrain is the part of the brain farthest forward, followed by the midbrain, then the hindbrain toward the back of the neck.

The brain is composed of 3 main structural divisions, the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brainstem. The cerebrum fills up most of your skull, it is divided into right and left hemispheres it is involved in remembering, problem solving, thinking, and feeling. It also controls movement. Functionally, it obtains information from your surroundings then sends that information to a specific part of the cerebrum. The cerebrum interprets the knowledge and decides what must happen next. The cerebrum, holds the instructions for everything you do in your daily life. The cerebellum sits at the back of your head, under the cerebrum. It controls coordination and balance. Most body movements require the coordination of multiple muscle groups. Times muscle

The cerebellum can be thought of as a second, smaller brain. It receives information from sensory systems in the body such as the spinal cord and other parts of the brain in order to regulate movement. Voluntary movements are coordinated and muscle tones and stretch reflexes are controlled by the cerebellum. When the cerebellum is damaged, these functions are impaired. One of the leading disabilities caused by a damaged cerebellum is ataxia.

The cerebrum is the largest portion of the human brain. It takes up about 4/5 of the weight of the brain and has what is described as a wrinkled cortex. Wrinkled cortex increases the surface area of which increases the number of neurons. This makes human brain to be more efficient than other vertebrates ("Cerebrum vs Cerebellum," n.d.). The cerebrum in divided by the cerebral fissure, which separates it into two hemispheres, the left and right which is being further discussed by a fellow classmate. The two hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum. Both hemispheres can also be divided into four lobes which we know as the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occiptal lobes. The frontal lobe helps aids us with reasoning, speech, movement,

Lateral cephalograms are of utmost importance in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Usually, the orthodontist focuses only on the facial skeleton and thereby overlooks the cervical spine area, which otherwise would have benefited patients with cervical spine anomalies, especially those with clinical symptoms.

The part of the brain being tested in these activities is the Cerebellum. The Cerebellum receives information from the Sensory System, the spinal cord and other part of the brain and then regulates movements (Healthline.com). Therefore, seeing that the Cerebellum regulates movements, if Jill has difficulty in walking on the yellow line unable to keep her balance and can coordinate her tip of her finger to her nose, these are clear indications that she is under the influence.

The cerebellum (or ‘Little Brain’) is an area located at the back of the brain, positioned underneath the occipital and temporal lobes [Figure 1]. The structure’s main purpose is the fine-tuning of movement, and maintaining posture and balance. The cerebellum is commonly thought of as a motor system, because it is mostly involved in outputting to the movement (motor) system. However, the cerebellum’s purpose is not the creation of motor commands, rather the moderation and adaptation of commands to increase their accuracy. It also uses a surprisingly large amount of neurons relative to its size: although it is only approximately 10% of the brain’s total volume, it accounts for over 50% of the total number of neurons in the

The cortex consists of four sections, called "lobes". The frontal lobe is connected to reasoning, planning, speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving. The parietal lobe is associated with balance, recognizing, and movement. The occipital lobe is associated with vision. The temporal lobe is connected to hearing, memory, and speech. The cortex is highly wrinkled, making the brain more convenient, as this increases the brain's surface area, giving it more room for neurons. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres- the left hemisphere, and the right hemisphere. The right hemisphere is associated with creativity, and the left one is linked with logic. A bundle of nerve fibers, known as the corpus callosum connects these "hemispheres" (Brain Structures and their Functions). The cerebellum, which is also known as the "little brain", is similar to the cerebrum, since it also has two hemispheres and a highly folded surface. This part of the brain is linked with movement and balance. The cerebellum is assumed to be older than the cerebrum "evolutionarily" (Brain Structures and Their Functions). The brain stem controls basic life functions such as blood pressure, breathing, and heartbeat. Scientists say that the brain stem is the simplest part of the brain (Brain Structures and Their Functions).