The Element Of A Narrative Of An Event

In the study, each source was ranked based on the political leanings of its audience. As a result, it ranked sources such as Buzzfeed more liberal than average while it ranked sources such as the Rush Limbaugh Show more conservative than average. However, none of the sources earned a perfectly neutral ranking (Wormald). The correlation between news sources and their audience’s political leanings becomes interesting when compared to the type of content each news source produces. Rush Limbaugh, for example, is infamous for his conservative rhetoric, whereas Buzzfeed is known for its lighthearted quizzes and comical representation of liberal politics. This reveals something about our perception of truth: biased sources allow individuals to ‘select’ the truth. When conflicting information is pushed to the side, it becomes nonexistent. Subsequently, the sum of partial truths interpreted by an individual becomes a whole truth in their mind, especially when partial truths are reinforced by mainstream media sources such as Buzzfeed or the Rush Limbaugh Show. This is harmful because, as Lewis implied, the entire truth is lost in this process and mutual understanding becomes harder to

Mass media is an ever-growing field where millions of people are connected at a constant basis. With that being said opinions and viewpoints are established on a daily basis through the media society reads. Many of these news media sources can be persuasive and have an influence on individual’s opinions. This concept is called framing. While it is related to the concept of agenda setting, framing focuses more on the issue at hand rather than on a particular topic. Framing is an important topic because of its major influence over the choices people make and how they process information. “Goffman stated that there are two distinctions within primary frameworks which are natural and social. Both play the role of helping individuals interpret

“Judgment framing” occurs early in the judgment process. The definition of framing follows: Frames are mental structures that we use, usually subconsciously, to simplify, organize, and guide our understanding of a situation. They shape our perspectives and determine the information that we will see as relevant or irrelevant, important or unimportant. Frames are a necessary aspect of judgment, but it is important to realize that our judgment frames provide only one particular perspective.

The debate is an example of Thematic Framing. Thematic framing provides some type of broader contest and links the event to something

Journalists play an important part in the democratic process. Traditionally, the roles of the news media are to provide a forum for debate, represent opposing perspectives on the day’s issues and hold public officials accountable while serving their constituents. However, in recent decades, media has given way to biased forms of news— partisan media. In Matthew Levendusky’s “How Partisan Media Polarize America,” he explores if these partisan media influences viewers. The book’s second chapter, “What Do Partisan Media Actually Say?” concludes that partisan media promotes a larger agenda separately to Democrats and Republicans, attack the opposing side while denouncing compromise, and usually side with their candidate of choice during

Framing as defined by Robert Entman is “to frame a communicating text or message is to promote certain facets of a ‘perceived reality’ and make them more salient in such a way that endorses a specific problem definition, casual interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or a treatment recommendation (Cissel 68).” Framing is an extension of agenda-setting, which is when the media tells us what to think about (Sparks 228).

Robert J. Samuelson’s factual article, “Picking Sides for the News,” is an essay that describes the different views and opinions on American news by American citizens. Samuelson claims that most Americans see people in the news business as “sloppy, biased, and self-serving.” He states that the news industry is divided by political views; Republican and conservative, and Democratic and liberal. Based on your political standpoint, you may find different news stations more supportive than others. Samuelson shows support to his viewpoint that many news companies “make news rather than just report it.”

The results of this research should indicate the across the board a majority of the participants would prefer the negatively presented news, rather than the positive; as demonstrated in What's Good for the Goose is Bad for the Gander: Negative Political Advertising,Partisanship, and Turnout and Editorial Cartoons 2.0: The Effects of Digital Political Satire on Presidential Candidate Evaluations. Regarding the control groups; Group 1 (those who viewed CNN regularly) would likely prefer CNN, however since CNN is a centrist news outlet, individuals in this group might lean towards MSNBC or Fox News, as well. Group 2 (those who viewed MSNBC regularly) would prefer MSNBC across the board and group 3 participants (those who viewed Fox News regularly) would prefer Fox in all the categories. However, it is a little more difficult to predict which news outlet will be most preferred by those in group 4 (individuals who never or rarely watch CNN, MSNBC, or Fox News). It is likely that they will prefer either Fox News or CNN, since those are both more popular than MSNBC (Partisanship and Cable News Audiences, 2008).

Have you ever seen a story in the news that has been told multiple ways depending on which news station you were tuning in to? This tends to happen very often in the news industry and why this happens is because of framing. Framing is a way to present certain content in a way to guide an audience’s interpretation along certain lines. How the news does this is by having the gatekeepers, which are the people in charge decide which group of facts are most important to share to the public to help promote a particular view of that story.

There are four different types of framing effects. Equivalency frames happens when different but logically equivalent words or phrases are used to describe an issue, but those different words/phrases evoke a different response. For example, if someone says they are afraid of bunnies, it has a different effect than if someone says they are afraid of rabbits. Emphasis frames highlight different subsets of potential irrelevant considerations of an issue, out of a larger potential set of consideration for the same issue. This mostly occurs when the media is limited on time, and they have to choose what points to speak of an issue to speak about in their short amount of time. An episodic frame takes the form of a case study. It is an event oriented

The attendance quiz question regarding losing and saving lives exhibits the framing theory. This case scenario defines the framing theory because of the obvious variance in the language used to describe the same outcome. The framing theory is that by emphasizing a situation or title using a certain context of wording will activate a certain shelf to influence someone's decision or thought process.

Dennis Chong and James N. Druckman define framing as the process by which people develop a particular conceptualization of an issue or reorient their thinking about an issue. Chong and Druckman found that people who are better informed about the issues are more likely to have established a frame of reference for their opinions and are less likely to be swayed by how other people frame the issues for them. This could be seen as the opposite of a favored frame, because it is intentional by the government or media, at times, that particular information is left out or have more emphasis compared to other frames in order to win over the public. On the other hand, Walter Lippmann is talked about in Mccombs and Ghanem’s piece. He believed that ‘much of the behavior underlying public opinion is a response to mental images of events, an imagined pseudoenvironment that is treated as if it were the real environment.

A frame is a set of contexts and perspectives that defines how an individual perceives and responds to facts, events or people. Frames are intellectual stereotypes that make the interpretation of the world around us easy by filtering out details that we believe or have found in the past to be insignificant. This simplification sometimes has its own problems that can in turn be addressed by reframing.

Perhaps the most important of these to understand is the purpose of a frame, and why frames exist. In Entman’s (1993) preeminent piece2, he identifies four basic functions: (a) defining a problem, (b) establishing the cause, (c) assigning responsibility, and (d) suggesting possible solutions (p. 52). A single frame can fulfill all or some of these functions. Often, multiple frames will be used in conjunction with each other to build a complete narrative that fulfills all of them (Chong & Druckman, 2007), while it is also possible that only one is addressed. In the same vein, a frame can be a single word (Simon & Jerit, 2007), or it could be intertwined across the entire text (Nelson, Clawson, & Oxley, 1997). The way frames fulfil their function is through the selection of certain elements to focus on, while other elements are downplayed or ignored all together. Primarily, this is done to simplify very complex issues, and make them more accessible to lay publics (Nisbet, 2010; Shah et al., 1996).

The research for this article was conducted within a framework of Framing theory. The theory was first put forward by a Canadian-American sociologist Erving Goffman. Media framing, to put it bluntly, is a term that points to a presence of a certain bias in any media outlets’ output. All choices made in a newsroom collectively form the frame through which media decides to show the world to the audiences. Everything matters: Covering one event and ignoring another, covering one event more than the other, deciding what words to use to cover an event, what photographs or video clips to include, whom to give a voice, etc. At the same time, framing theory goes far beyond newsroom policies. Framing is not necessarily a delibirate choice. Journalists themselves look at the world through frames: their education, upbringing, gender, ethnical background, knowledge of the issue, and so on. Audience members apply their own frames as well, not just to media content, but to everything they hear and see.