The State And State Of Alabama

money for both school and states, because school can cut down the number of teachers to hire and

Texas’ two-year budget takes roughly twice that quantity of time to prepare, develop and distribute. Offices develop their appropriations requests in the first year; the legislative body approves the “General Appropriation Act in the second year, and the budget implemented over the following two years.” The foremost step in preparing the budget is the evolution of a statewide vision for the future of Texas government. The regulator, in cooperation with the “Legislative Budget Board”, (LBB), handles making the mission statement for Texas.

This memo is to serve as description of how the economy can impact projections related to revenues and expenditures in regards to the city budget. Several examples will be provided including explanations on why these items can have a tumultuous effect on the city budget. These examples include the effect property taxes and income taxes had on our fiscal stability as well as how even with proper accounting and financial reporting, the budget still fell victim to the economy.

The federal government has attempted to slice into the Department of Education’s budget since it was established in 1979. The department was originally founded in 1867, but soon became demoted since the government was afraid it would have too much power. “In the 1860s, a budget of $15,000 and four employees handled education fact-finding. By 1965, the Office of Education had more than 2,100 employees and a budget of $1.5 billion. As of mid-2010, the Department has nearly 4,300 employees and a budget of about $60 billion” (An overview of the U.S. Department of Education, 2010). To provide some comparable insight, in 2013 the Department of Defense’s budget of $663.8 billion (U.S. Department of Defense, 2009).

Budgeting is perhaps the most essential process involved in the United States government. While this process seems to exist only in the background, it is, in reality, what allows all other processes of government to function as they do. In order to satisfy the most necessities of modern society, changes must be made to each of the three major categories of the budget: the big five, the middle five, and the little guys.

The main difference between the federal budget and the state and local budgets is the issue of a monetary deficit, in which expenditures in the budget exceeds revenues that were estimated. State and local governments are required to balance their budgets. The federal government is allowed to borrow money to meet its obligations and have a deficit. The federal government collects the most tax revenue, but state and local governments have a greater range of revenue options for funding their budgets. The federal government relies mainly on income taxes, capital gains and Social Security taxes. State and local governments collect sales taxes, taxes on fuel, property taxes and fees from special licenses and permits. Also, many state and local

“To budget is to fight over money and the things money buys” (Document A). The federal budget is adjusted every year and has to follow certain criteria set forward by the Preamble to the Constitution. The Preamble sets five goals that the budget must fulfill, these goals are: to establish justice, to insure domestic tranquility, to provide for the common defence, to promote the general welfare, and to secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our prosperity. Furthermore, it is difficult to decide what clusters of the federal budget to allocate money to in order to meet the five goals of the Preamble which are “The Big Five”, “The Middle Five”, and “The Little Guys.” In each of the three budget clusters,

There are some differences and similarity between the State and Federal budget. The Federal budget is bigger than the State budget. The federal government have the sovereign bank. The Federal government have the ability to print additional money when the need arises. The federal budget needs not balance revenues and expenditures for each fiscal year. At the subnational level, appropriations must not exceed revenues in the State budget. This creates restriction which is mandated for almost all the state and local finances. “This imposes a discipline at state and local government which the federal government may chronically evade. States cope by setting aside reserves in good years to hopefully cover deficits in bad revenue years” (n.d., 2012).

The general fund type consists of general revenue and general services. The special revenue fund type consisted of higher education improvement, cultural facilities building, and Clean Ohio Conservation Program. Next, the capital projects fund type consisted of: mental health facilities improvement, parks and recreation improvement, administrative building, and juvenile correctional building. The enterprise fund type consisted of: liquor control, state lottery, and workers’ compensation. Finally, the agency fund type consisted of: agency, accrued leave liability, and volunteer fire fighters’ dependents. The totals for each of the fund types are: general government ($1,015,491 for adjusted appropriations (aa) $875,7998 for total committed appropriations (tca), $139,693 for uncommitted appropriations (ua), and $888,605 for budgetary expenditures (be); total community and economic development fund: $2,042,882 for adjusted (aa), $1,374,832 for total committed, $668,050 for uncommitted, and $1,250,961 for expenditures; total local government support and tax relief fund: $4,110,991 for adjusted, $3,943,201 for total committed, $167,790 for uncommitted, and $3,943,201 for expenditures; capital outlay fund: $1,133,362 for adjusted, $446,471 for total committed, $686,891 for uncommitted,

This establishes the total targets of five budget key areas: authority, outlays, revenues, surplus or deficit, and public debt. The resolution also sets a budget authority and outlay targets of each of the 21 spending categories. Finally, the committee prepares guidelines in the annual budget resolution for cutting programs to meet spending targets. A few other key responsibilities that the HBC may receive is to sometimes include reconciliation instructions that instruct committees to develop legislation that will change current revenue or direct spending laws to conform with policies established in the budget resolution, and to make summary budget scorekeeping reports in order to measure the budgetary effects of pending and enacted legislation against the levels recommended in the budget resolution.

When it comes to public finances in Texas, there must be a budget before any spending can occur. There are five broad categories when it comes to the Texas budget. General revenues fund budget is the prime operating fund for the state and a nondedicated income account. This is where the majority of the state fees and taxes circulate. Some educational funds, the Foundation School Fund, the Available School Fund, and the State Textbook Fund, are also included in this budget. The general revenue-dedicated funds budget incorporates funds committed to specific objectives. “These include such funds as the State Parks Account and the college operating accounts (which hold tuition funds.).” “(313)”. The federal funds budget includes payments, reimbursements, and grants collected from the federal government by Texas institutions and agencies. The other funds budget comprises of all funds that aren’t included in other budgets. These funds include revenue in some education accounts, trust funds, State Highway funds, etc. Lastly, there is the all funds budget, which accumulates all of the budgets before into the state spending and treasury.

Also, the committee examines “the funding patterns used to fund the juvenile justice system and adult probation departments” and “review revenue sources currently funding the state's trauma system” (Senate Committee on Finance). Maximizing the use of federal and state funds is one of the important function of the Finance committee. The district can benefit by my placement on this committee because I can help citizens with their financial needs. The citizens finance the state by contributing money in the form of fees and taxes. It is the responsibility of the members of the Finance committee to use money in the best possible way and fulfill the needs of the citizens in the district.

This budget contains grants, reimbursements from schools, and payments that is from schools. $72.9 billion was set aside for public and higher education institutions. Most of the money is difficult to get if it is for a project that it was not intended for. Since the legislature cannot take money out of these two accounts when they would like, they just cut the budget. This is to give them more wiggle room in other areas that they would like to see the budget go to. There is a cycle that can be seen throughout the government. If the state wants money they need to spend what they have in order to receive federal

The budget process is the most important aspect of fiscal decision making in Public Administration. Smith and Lynch (2004), argues that “Public budgeting is an activity that many people view from their own perspectives and, thus, they do not comprehend the full complexity of budgeting” (p. 34). Similar to the contextual definition of complexity in budgeting process, a classic example was the State of California’s budget impasse for the year 2010-2011. This essay examines and analyses the concerns that lead to passing a late budget in the State of California. It further goes into details regarding the reasons, resolutions, and consequences faced due to the budget Impasse.

Of the money gathered by the state, almost 1 billion dollars is sent to other state agencies (such as the Department of Public Safety, Education, and other state colleges and state parks).3 This money is regulated by the state government to go to these other agencies, which detracts from the department of transportation’s ability to handle road maintenance. So, even before taking into account the increases due to inflation, the budget of TxDOT is decreased by $1 billion dollars (almost half of which goes to the state’s educational system).