The Statistical Data Set Taken From The 2012 General Social Survey

Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess the claim that gender differences in educational achievement are primarily the 'result of changes in society'

In American society today there is an imbalance in the gender income gap between men and women in the work force. Many factors such as discrimination, productivity, educational background and disproportional hours worked contribute to this ongoing challenge. While many are skeptical, others remain to have strong beliefs that women and men are treated equally. In most professions according to Glynn “women only earn seventy seven cents for every dollar earned by men” (2014). Although, the seventy seven cents figure does not accurately reflect gender discrimination, it does capture some discrimination,

There was also a difference between the median income of a male and the one of a female.While males had a median income of $39,581, the females had a median income of $28,488.

Demographics and control variable. Participants reported sex, age, U. S. citizenship, ethnicity, and educational grade level.

I found the average (mean) income to be $43,740, with a standard deviation of $14,640. According to the hypothesis test (see appendix), the calculated test statistic of -3.0236 does fall in the rejection region of z<-1.645 therefore I can reject the null hypothesis and say there is sufficient evidence to indicate µ<50 or $50,000. The p-value of 0.001 (see appendix for data), supports the rejection of the null hypothesis since the p value is less than α=0.05. Based on the confidence interval, we can be 95% certain that the average income lies between $39,680-$47,800.

On a broader aspect, it says men and women are equal. Though at a bottom level, women are still struggling to occupy the same status as men in the outer world. Stratification between the two genders is seen everywhere including the household or the workplace. Even today, women still earns less as compared to men involved in the same profession. Like a male physician makes $140,000, while a female in the same profession makes $88,000. Statisticians at the US census bureau looked at almost 821 occupations. After adjusting for workers’ ages, education and work experience, they found a substantial gender gap in the earnings of the workers. Scholars at the Census Bureau studied several characteristics and after taking into

Assess the view that gender differences in achievement are largely the result of changes in the education system

The gender pay gap is a problem nationwide in the United States. It is a phenomenon that affects women of all education levels, ages, and races. Although it varies in a state-by-state basis, the pay gap is prevalent in all states (Miller, 2017). The issue is also occupation-wide, meaning that nearly every occupation will have a gender gap (Miller, 2017). Statistics from The Simple Truth About the Gender Pay Gap have shown that while an increase in education help women earn more, it does not eliminate the problem all together or close the gap (Miller, 2017). As of recent statistics, women are paid approximately 80 cents for every dollar a man makes, however, the gap is worse for women of color, especially, when compared to the salary of that of white men; African American women earn 63% of the salary that white men earn, Native American women earn 58%, and the largest gap is for Latina women, who earn only 54% (Miller, 2017).

Gender in the local area is relatively equal in terms of numbers and percentiles. With females bringing in the highest portion of the population and males closely behind. (see Table 2) This goes right along with a relatively even gender ratio overall. This starts to differ within the median age groups where males are the majority. After age 44 females take over and become the larger gender in every respective age group. Even with females making up most the population, in almost every age category males make more money in every race. (city-data, 2000-2015)

A significantly larger percentage of non-Hispanic White women had a college education as compared with women of color. More than half of women of color and non-Hispanic White women's incomes were less than $25,000.

Women today still struggle to get the same pay as men and this arises from wage discrimination. When multiple workers are equally qualified and perform the same work but one group of worker is paid more than another stirs up conflict. This situation has normally favored men over women that are equally or more qualified. Historically, income inequality stems from the fact that men were primarily the bread winners of most households and the earnings associated with a job has fostered the income inequality to take form in the placement of individuals into particular jobs. For example, in some third

 A woman can have the equivalent education and comparable job but will still make less than a man.  The average woman makes twenty percent less than a man’s salary.   The U.S. Census Bureau has stated the the

Starting in 1972, the General Social Survey (GSS) used a four-category response scale for respondents to answer a question on how they view their own health, known as the self-reported health question (SRH) (Smith 2005, 1). The four-categories used were: poor, fair, good, and excellent (Smith et al. 2017, 385) Starting in 2002, the GSS started using both a four and five-category scale for people to respond to the SRH (Smith et al. 2017,1537). The five-category scale used the same measures from the four-category scale, but also included “very good” as the fifth option. The question is: which response category form gives a better ability to determine SRH among people?

Even though it is against the law to pay women a lower wage based on gender, a significant earnings gap exists. Women earn less than men in almost every line of work regardless of age, race, ethnic background or level of education. This study discusses the disparity of income between men and women, and the primary factors that contribute to the disparity. It then looks at some of the legislation that has been passed or is under consideration to address the issue. Finally, it concludes that there are many reasons for the disparity other than gender discrimination. Men and women are motivated by different things and therefore make different choices. Gender discrimination

Another survey focusing on the income disparities between male and female workers concluded that in 1979, women were making $0.63 to every $1.00 men were making. In 2010,