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Organizational structure is a system used to define a hierarchy within an organization which improves operational efficiency by providing clarity to employees at all levels of a company. A systematically outlined structure can also provide direction for internal promotions, allowing companies to create employee advancement routes for entry-level workers. In other words, it identifies each job, its function and where it reports to within the organization. Harley-Davidson’s organizational structure, for example, assists centralized control of the business through the company’s arrangement of its components in terms of their interactions and functions. As one of the world’s oldest motorcycle manufacturers in the world, Harley-Davidson Inc. maintains this organizational structure and centers its current focus on a limited number of markets. While the business continues to grow by international expansion, Harley-Davidson’s corporate structure focuses mainly on the fact that most of the company’s revenues are generated in the United States. Thus, Harley-Davidson has a functional organizational structure that is based on the company’s current focus on the motorcycle markets in developed countries, especially the United States, in addition to ensuring centralized control of business activities. The basic characteristics of Harley-Davidson’s organizational structure include Function based groups, Centralization, and Global hierarchy.

Michael Yoo used several definitions from several different places to define torture in his argument. The first definition is the one he used when he defined torture as the following: act committed by a person acting under the color of law specifically intended to inflict severe physical or mental pain or suffering (other than pain or suffering incidental to lawful sanctions) upon another person within his custody or physical control. The other definition he uses it used to show what the government defines torture as. This definition is as follows: The United States

that each seat in the restaurant will require about 7 barrels of beer (best case scenario) per year.

Though it is obvious why understanding organizations is critical to business success, nevertheless it is worthwhile to review these reasons. The structure of a firm either enhances or hinders efficiency and productivity. In other words, how information flows and to whom, whether and how many parts of the work process is redundant, how clear and precise is the reporting structure, if and how new ideas and products are promoted - these and many more issues are obvious consequences of structure and profoundly affect the success of the business.

Other common terms for the idea of organizational decentralization include: team self-management, self-management, shared control, distributed leadership (Lambe, Webb, & Ishida, 2009) and holacracy (Robertson, 2007). While these terms may have small differences they all describe the common theme of distributing power across organizations. Several concepts help to explain why decentralization and the encouragement of teamwork throughout an organization are often superior to traditional management structure.

Students are expected to attend the school to which their residence is zoned, except in unusual circumstances. Transfer requests must include a completed Application Form, Proof of Current Address, Photo ID, a Letter stating the reason for the desire to transfer and any accompanying documentation requested. Transfer requests are only considered for the four areas listed below. Childcare, Employee Option, and Programmatic transfer requests are only considered March 1 –May 1st annually. Applications will not be considered for schools that DO NOT have space.

Effective organizational structures define how job tasks are subdivided, grouped, coordinated, and managed. Six key components of organizational structures include division of labor, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization, and formalization (Remme, Jones, Van der Heijden, & De Bono, 2008, p. 79). Each element influence how employees interact with each other to reach organizational goals. Different structures are common in similar organizations among high performing organizations (Reimann, 1974, p. 707). The most appropriate structure will depend on the unique needs and culture of the organization.

Centralized companies are those which rely on one individual to make all the decisions and to also provide guidance for the company.

How can the organization structure facilitate speed, collaboration, and teamwork? Contrast traditional bureaucratic organizations with examples from the industry

The centralized approach of management will bring uniformity in the company’s way of conducting business. This is because there are fewer centers of power unlike in the decentralized approach

As a manager who has gone on to manage other organizations where decentralization existed I realized that it in fact allow for the managers of business areas to actually use their first hand knowledge and experience to improve their areas. By trusting the individuals within the organization to obtain accurate information and use their minds to provide appropriate analysis, manager are able to take advantage of division of labor and allows for multiple individuals to give input.

Contemporary organisations make their decisions based on their size and complexity structure. It is effective too as they can adapt quickly. Traditionally, creating separate departments such as Marketing, Finance etc. that function merely independently works well for larger companies in stable businesses. But a business that changes swiftly, opting a more flexible and adaptive structure will lead the company to high performance. Moreover, big contemporary organisations prefer to centralize their head offices as it is cost effective. Matrix structure (in which expert staff splits their time between different tasks) of organisation should be proper. Reporting to 2 different administrators could lead a confusion and they should also foster innovation initiative

At least two different organizational structures are identified, described, and compared in terms of their design principles.

 [PDF]Case Study: Transport Corporation of India Limitedsiteresources.worldbank.org/.../t...পাতাটিকে অনুবাদ করে দেখাও(TCI), as a major cargo transport company, recognized the importance ... The information in the TCI case study is based on personal interviews with TCI Foun- .... cess to medical records, it also supports analysis providing useful insights.

➢ Decentralization ensures better control and supervision as the subordinates at the lowest levels will have the authority to make independent decisions.