1. Predict the product, and propose a mechanism for the following nucleophilic addition to aldehyde or ketone. Are the products different from one another? Why do the reactions proceed via different mechanisms? Note the charges on the intermediates of acid and base catalyzed reactions. Oxygen nucleophile in acidic condition H2O, [H+] Oxygen nucleophile in basic condition NaOH
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- 1) Nucleophilic substitution reaction of alkyl halide is a process when nucleophile replace the leaving group of alkyl halide. Propose the mechanism and product(s) for the following substitution reaction.#16b. Provide the missing reactants, reagents, or products for the following reaction sequences below.b) Listed below are several hypothetical nucleophilic substitution reactions. None is synthetically useful because the product indicated is not formed at an appreciable rate. In each case provide an explanation for the failure of the reaction to take place as indicated. OMe HO + OMe + OH HO + CH; OH
- b) The Wolf-Kishner reduction is a reaction used in Organic Chemistry to convert carbonyl functionalities into methylene group. The reaction was used to convert an aldehyde or ketone to an alkane using hydrazine, base and thermal conditions. The mechanism begins with the attack of hydrazine of the aldehyde or ketone. Stage 1: The reaction of aldehyde/ketone with hydrazine to produce hydrazine Stage 2: Reaction with the base and heat to convert hydrozone to alkane Write the mechanism of the reaction.Provide the reagent(s) and the reaction mechanism of the following reaction H₂NSuccinic acid can be synthesized by the following series of reactions from acetylene. Show the reagents and experimental conditions necessary to carry out this synthesis. НО OH НО. HO H- H. HO, ОН Acetylene 2-Butyne-1,4-diol 1,4-Butanediol Butanedioic acid (Succinic acid)
- Br Brz CH3 CH3 H3C CH2CI2 H3C Br Electrophilic addition of bromine, Br2; to alkenes yields a 1,2-dibromoalkane. The reaction proceeds through a cyclic intermediate known as a bromonium ion. The reaction occurs in an anhydrous solvent such as CH,Cl). In the second step of the reaction, bromide is the nucleophile and attacks at one of the carbons of the bromonium ion to yield the product. Due to steric clashes, the bromide ion always attacks the carbon from the opposite face of the bromonium ion so that a product with anti stereochemistry is formed. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions Br: :Br: .CH3 H3C H3C CH3 Br:An electron-deficient carbon atom reacts with a nucleophile, symbolized as: Nu−. Define this ?What explains why many aldehydes and ketones can undergo self-condensation reactions in basic conditions? The alpha carbon can lose a proton and act like a nucleophile and the carbonyl carbon is an electrophile. The alpha carbon can gain a proton and act like an electrophile and the carbonyl carbon is a nucleophile. The oxygen of the carbonyl group can attack the carbon of the carbonyl group. Only esters can undergo self-condensation reactions.
- 1 Provide the reagent(s) (in the correct order) for the following: ??? H2N. OCH3 OCH3 Br `NO2 2. *y Provide the product and a stepwise mechanism for the following nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction. Include all intermediates, resonance structures, and electron pushing arrows. If you need to redraw the structure to show electron flow please do so. OHC, CH3NH2 CIOH NaOH H3C CH3 H3C CH3 Alkyl halides undergo nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions. When the kinetics of the reaction are measured, if the rate of the reaction is found to be dependent only upon the concentration of the alkyl halide the reaction is first order. The substitution reaction is thus termed Sy1, and the elimination reaction is termed E1. These reactions are unimolecular and occur in two steps. The first step is rate-limiting and involves the loss of the leaving group to form a carbocation. In the second, fast, step the nucleophile adds to the carbocation in the SN1 reaction or elimination occurs to give an alkene in the E1 reaction. Because the carbocation is planar, the nucleophile can add to either face and therefore racemization is usually observed although solvent effects can influence this somewhat. E1 elimination follows Zaitsev's rule and typically yields the most substituted alkene as the major product. Conditions which favor the Sy1/E1 pathway include…Alkenes can be converted into alcohols by acid-catalyze addition of water. Predict the major alcohol product from this alkene below.