1. What happens to the pyruvate made during glycolysis under anaerobic conditions? Is this a redox reaction? Why or why not?
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- 36. What is the CORRECT order of cellular respiration events? Group of answer choices glycolysis—pyruvate oxidation—Krebs cycle—oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis—Krebs cycle—pyruvate oxidation--oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle—oxidative phosphorylation--glycolysis—pyruvate oxidation Krebs cycle—glycolysis--oxidative phosphorylation—pyruvate oxidation1. How many ATP is produced in one molecule of glucose that undergo glycolysis plus oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA? 2. Galactose and fructose can also used as substrate for glycolysis. Their conversion into a substrate that can enter into the glycolytic pathway involves the use of how many ATPs? 3. How many ATPs are produced when the product of glycolysis undergoes anaerobic respiration?Which statement best describes the reason why some of the reactions of glycolysis cannot be run in reverse in gluconeogenesis? 1) The last reactions occur in mitochondria and reactions there can never be reversed. 2) Glycolysis includes isomerization reactions and these can never be reversed. 3) There are some allaşteric enzymes and allosteric enzymes can never be reversed. 4) Some reactions have such large negative free energy changes that they can never be reversed under cellular conditions. O
- 11) To which molecule is Glucose broken down in the process of glycolysis? What happens with pyruvate in the presence of oxygen (hint: it will enter a cell organelle to feed into chemical reactions called....) 12) Which molecule carries energy rich electrons from the intermediates of the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain. NADH 13) Which of the following states (of this electron carrier) carries energy rich electrons: 1) NAD+ 2) NADH? 14) Is oxygen required for aerobic respiration to take place? In which step of aerobic respiration is oxygen required? 15) Define fermentation? 16) Which of the three steps of aerobic respiration can take place in absence of oxygen? 17) What is the fate of pyruvate in absence of oxygen (e.g., when oxygen consumption exceeds oxygen intake during intense exercise)?4.1 What are the various pathways by which glucose is utilized? 4.2 State the biomedical importance of glycolysis? 4.3 State the irreversible steps in glycolysis? 4.4 State THREE differences between hexokinase and glucokinase ? 4.5 What is glycolysis? What are the rate limiting enzymes of glycolysis?c) Some scientists debate whether it is correct to consider pyruvate as “the end of glycolysis”. Elaborate on this statement, discussing supporting and limiting facts.
- 1) How many net ATP molecules are gained from glycolysis of 1 glucose molecule?5. The isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is necessary so that the two molecules generated from fructose-1,6-bisphosphate can proceed through the remainder of the glycolysis pathway. Draw a mechanism for this interconversion using generic acid/base catalysts. E-E CH,OH CHO НС—ОН CH2OPO,2- ČH2OPO,2-1. The first step in the payoff phase of glycolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that contains a nucleophilic cysteine playing a central role in the reaction. A) In the direction of gluconeogenesis, what reaction does this enzyme catalyze? AG° = -6.3 kcal/mol for this reaction in the direction of gluconeogenesis. Based on what you know about the substrates involved, provide two chemical reasons as to why the AGO of this reaction is negative.
- 27. the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase is activated by dephosphorylation and inactivated by phosphorylation1. What are the main features on citric acid cycle? 2. What are the main components of electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation? 3. Why do compound such as cyanide act as poisons when they disrupt the electron transport chain?1a. If you wanted you could take a glucose molecule and convert it to pyruvate via glycolysis and convert it back to glucose via gluconeogenesis. What is the cost of doing so in ATP equivalents? Show how you determine the cost via reactions (no structures). Explain in bioenergetic terms how the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in gluconeogenesis overcomes the large, negative standard free- energy change of the pyruvate kinase reaction in glycolysis. b. C. The consumption of alcohol (ethanol), especially after periods of strenuous activity or after not eating for several hours, results in a deficiency of glucose in the blood, a condition known as hypoglycemia. The first step in the metabolism of ethanol by the liver is oxidation to acetaldehyde, catalyzed by liver alcohol dehydrogenase: CH3CH2OH + NAD+ -> CH3CHO + NADH + H+ Explain how this reaction inhibits the transformation of lactate to pyruvate. Why does this lead to hypoglycemia?