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Can you explain the reasons and concepts for why these answers are true?
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- What is the rate-determining step in an electrophilic substitution of benzene? Select one: O A. Loss of an H* ion from the arenium carbocation to reform the aromatic ring. O B. Attachment of the electrophile to the benzene ring. O C. O D. The step that generates the electrophile. regeneration of the reaction catalyst.What is the rate-determining step in the mechanism of an electrophilic substitution reaction of benzene? Select one: OA. Attachment of the electrophile to benzene ring. OB. Bonding of catalyst to electrophile precursor. O C. Reformation of acid catalyst. OD. Formation of the electrophile. OE. Loss of H+ ion form arenium ion intermediate to reform aromatic ring.What is the first step in the general mechanism for electrophilic aromatic substitution? a. aromatic ring protonation b.loss of the electrophilic aromatic ring c. deprotonation of the aromatic ring d.addition of the electrophilic to the aromatic ring.
- S. Classify the following reagents as either nucleophiles or electrophiles: Znt, CH,NH2, HS, OH, , CH,COOH, H,SO,In the acid catalyzed halogenation of ketones, what is the rate determining step? A. The first step: protonation of the ketone. B. The very last step in the mechanism, namely, loss of a hydrogen ion to form the product. C. Loss of a proton from the alpha-carbon of the protonated ketone to form an enol intermediate. D. Attachment of a halogen molecule to the enol intermediate.What explains why many aldehydes and ketones can undergo self- condensation reactions in basic conditions? A. The alpha carbon can lose a proton and act like a nucleophile and the carbonyl carbon a an electrophile B. The alpha carbon can gain a proton and act like an electrophile and the carbonyl carbon is a nucleophile C. The oxygen of the carbonyl group can attack the carbon of the carbonyl group D. Only esters can undergo self-condensation reactions
- How does gold help to catalyze the reaction in the gold catalysis experiment? It deprotonates the methanol, making methanol a better nucleophile. оа. o b. It donates electron density to the alkyne, making the alkyne a better nucleophile. О с. It coordinates to the methanol, making methanol a better nucleophile. o d. It coordinates to the alkyne, making the alkyne a better electrophile.A reaction flask contains 2-bromopentane in an ethanolic solution of sodium ethoxide at room temperature and result in the formation of two olefnic products. What is responsible for the formation of major and minor products. A. Different activated complex involved in the mechanism. B. Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction. C. Bimolecular elimination reaction D. The presence of sodium ethoxide. E. The hybridization nature of secondary carbocatione) sec-butyl bromide • Question 2: Identify the nucleophile and leaving group and draw the products of each reaction. a. b. Br + + OCH₂CH3 NaOH d. Br + N3 + NaCN
- 4. A CHEM 245 student wants to synthesize some ethylene glycol to use as antifreeze in his radiator this winter. He proposes the following reaction to his instructor, who quickly explains that this reaction won't work as proposed due to the student's choice of reagent. 1) NaH 2) H20 OH Но a) Why can't sodium hydride (NaH) be used as the nucleophile in the reaction above? b) Propose an alternate reagent that COULD be used with the ethylene oxide to successfully give the desired ethylene glycol product.As we will learn in Section 13.12, many antioxidants–compounds that prevent unwanted radical oxidation reactions from occurring–are phenols, compounds that contain an OH group bonded directly to a benzene ring. a. Explain why homolysis of the O–H bond in phenol requires considerably less energy than homolysis of the O–H bond in ethanol (362 kJ/mol vs. 438 kJ/mol). b.Why is the C–O bond in phenol shorter than the C–O bond in ethanol?Which of the following statements about an SN2 reaction is true? A. There are two transition states. B. There is one energy maximum. C. The transition state can be isolated and studied. D. For a carbon electrophile in the transition state, the hybridization of an sp3 carbon remains unchanged. E. The reaction rate does not depend on the concentration of the electrophile.