26. Is pyruvate being oxidized or reduced during stage 2? How can you tell? (What doyou see in this model that helps you answer this question?)27. Is oxygen (O₂) required for the Krebs cycle?28. Compare the structures of isocitrate and a-ketoglutarate. How many carbon atomsdoes each have?29. In the previous question, you should have noted that a-ketoglutarate has one lesscarbon than isocitrate. What happened to the carbon that was lost from isocitrate?30. How many carbons from pyruvate are lost as waste during one turn of stage 2?31. Starting with one glucose molecule, how many carbons are lost as waste during stage2?32. Throughout stage 2, energy originating in glucose is transferred to other high-potential-energy molecules. List all of these molecules that are formed, and how many of eachare formed from one turn of stage 2. (While trying to identify "high-potential-energymolecules," keep in mind that glucose's electrons have high potential energy becauseof what they will accomplish in the next stage!) Model 4: Stage 2: Citric Acid Cycle (including a preparatoryreaction)The citric acid cycle is also called the Krebs cycle, and occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.Below is a simplified representation of stage 2. In it, the carbons that originated in glucose arerepresented by grey balls.NAD+ NADHPyruvateAcetyl-CoAсоCOACOACitrateOxaloacetateooooIsocitrateNADHNAD+MalateFumarateFADH₂FADCitric AcidCycleSuccinateooooDO>ATPNAD+NADHсоa-ketoglutarateСоSuccinyl CoAADPNAD+NADH

NOTE: Since you have posted a question with multiple subparts so we will be solving the first three…

26. Is pyruvate being oxidized or reduced during stage 2? How can you tell? (What do you see in this model that helps you answer this question?) 27. Is oxygen (O₂) required for the Krebs cycle? 28. Compare the structures of isocitrate and a-ketoglutarate. How many carbon atoms does each have?

26. Is pyruvate being oxidized or reduced during stage 2? How can you tell? (What do you see in this model that helps you answer this question?) 27. Is oxygen (O₂) required for the Krebs cycle? 28. Compare the structures of isocitrate and a-ketoglutarate. How many carbon atoms does each have?

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter7: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 4TYK

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Concept explainers

Metabolic pathways

Metabolism is defined as the group of life-supporting, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in organisms. A metabolic pathway is a set of these chemical reactions that involve anabolism (synthesis of complex biomolecules) and catabolism (breakdown of biomolecules into small molecules) that occur inside a cell. Metabolites are the reacting substances, products, and intermediate substances of an enzymatic process that are altered by a series of chemical events catalyzed by enzymes.

Question

Model 4: Stage 2: Citric Acid Cycle (including a preparatory
reaction)
The citric acid cycle is also called the Krebs cycle, and occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
Below is a simplified representation of stage 2. In it, the carbons that originated in glucose are
represented by grey balls.
NAD+ NADH
Pyruvate
Acetyl-CoA
со
COA
COA
Citrate
Oxaloacetate
oooo
Isocitrate
NADH
NAD+
Malate
Fumarate
FADH₂
FAD
Citric Acid
Cycle
Succinate
oooo
DO
>ATP
NAD+
NADH
со
a-ketoglutarate
Со
Succinyl CoA
ADP
NAD+
NADH

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