3. Using the below hypothetical character matrix of traits (left column) for these imaginary taxa (top row),choose the most likely phylogeny (a, b, or c), assuming that the Priltezon is the outgroup. Herepresence is indicated by yes(Yes), and absence is no (No).Priltezon FrizzleMillispeedBragoon TortlouseCatelliniFurnononoNoNoYesEyesnonononoYesYesSix armsnononoyesYesYesEarsnonoyesyesYesYesBackbonenoyesyesyesYesYesb.C.a.PFTMBMBFTPCPMBFCT

You look at how each one is close to the other depending on the presence and absence of certain…

Answered: 3. Using the below hypothetical…

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter24: Systematics And Phylogenetics: Revealing The Tree Of Life

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 6TYK

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10. Refer to the figure shown. Species Stripe Color 1 2 3 B. C R The figure shows the phylogeny of seven species of beetles (A-G) and whether the beetles have (?) or do not have (x×) one of three stripes. It also indicates the color of the beetle (R for red and G for green). Based on the phylogenetic tree and the principle of parsimony, the absence of stripe in species is most likely O 1; E and F; an evolutionary reversal O 2; E and F; due to convergent evolution O 2; E and F; a synapomorphy O 1; E and F; a synapomorphy O 1; E andF; due to convergent evolution
Based on the information from the following table and the provided phylogenetic tree, what kind of species classification is shown? A B C D E F G H 1 J K L M N O Form of Male Genitalia 1 1 L L L L L L L L L L L L L r T Pits) or Tubercles E P P T T T T T P P P P P Р P P O Phenetic Species Concept O Blological Species Concept O Phylogenetic Species Concept O Sympatric Species Concept Blayple (OUTGROUP) beaver Dan, AZ -Twentynine Paime, CA -Harkavilla, UT D-Chilchinbio, NM -Vermilion Cas. AZ 64 -F-Mone Lake, CA -G-Coral Pink Danes, UT H-Pyramid Lake, N -Crescent Dunes, MV Meno Lake CA -K-Olancha CA -Olancha, CA --Winnemucca, NV -El Mirage, CA Lo-Dumont Dunes, CA Form of dorsal ridges M₁ M₁ FFFFFFFFFF M Ma M₂ M₂
Below are phylogenetic trees depicting the relationships among four species, A, B, C, and D. Which of the following statements is correct? ABCD ADCB DCBA D CAB (1) (2) (3) (4) Tree (1) and Tree (2) are the same tree. Tree (2) and Tree (4) are the same tree. Tree (2) and Tree (3) are the same tree. All four trees are in fact the same tree. All four trees are in fact different trees.
23 . When constructing a cladogram, which of the following is considered most useful for determining evolutionary relationships? Group of answer choices shared derived characters vestigial structures homoplastic characters morphological similarities shared ancestral characters
2. A В CDE FG H (a) In the phylogeny above, which of the following groups are monophyletic? (1) A, B, C, and 1 (ii) A, B, C, 1, and 2 (iii) D, G, H, 3, 4, 5, and 6 (iv) E, F, and 3 (v) A, B, C, and 7 (b) For each group above that you did not select, please indicate whether the group is paraphyletic or polyphyletic. (c) Which numbered node corresponds to the most recent common ancestor of B and H?
The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6). A “0” indicates the ancestral condition, and a “1” indicates the derived condition. 1. Which trait is least informative of phylogenetic relationships within the group? 2. Which species has the fewest number of derived characters?
Activity 4. The Cladogram Direction: With the cladogram below as a basis, answer the following questions in the space provided. Skin shields Two Horn moil bogsvih ya Horn owi tarl A hypothetieal cladogram with taxa designated as the letters O, A, B, C, and D. Retrieved from Kardong (2012) Fig. 1. Which is the outgroup here? O, A, B, C, or D? 2. Which is the sister of the group of D? 3. Grouping A, B, and D together (excluding C) creates which kind of grouping? 4. Which taxa share the characteristic of "skin shields"? 5. What characteristic is homologous among A, B, C, and D? 30 6. Write down the taxa that would make a paraphyletic grouping. 7. Write down the taxa that would make a monophyletic grouping. 8. Which characteristic is absent in O but is a homologous characteristic among A, B, C, and D? 9. Which is a unique characteristic present in A, B, and C which is absent in D? 10. Will grouping O, A, B, C, and D create a valid clade?
3. Which of the following phylogenies is different from the other three? B DECGA F a F F d B' FAG CEDB One additional concept that will likely be unfamiliar to many of you is that of crown vs. stem groups. As their names imply, crown groups are clustered toward the tips of a phylogeny, while stem groups are clustered toward the bottom of a phylogeny. This is a general pattern and not a fixed and precise rule, however, as both extinct and extant groups can be part of the "crown" group. The deciding factor that determines the delineations of a crown vs. stem group is whether the synapomorphies that define the group under examination are present. For example, you could have a whole cluster of mammals, some of which are extinct, but all of which show all of the characteristics currently used to define mammals. In this case, any extinct groups that show all mammalian features would be classed as crown mammals. In contrast, any extinct groups that branch off on the way to mammals, but did…
2. Using the labels (numbers and letters), identify the following concepts of relatedness in the cladogram shown below: plesiomorphy, symplesiomorphy, synapomorphy. - B D Plesiomorphy: Symplesiomorphy: Synapomorphy:
A phylogeny of 5 species of birds is shown below with values for three different phenotypic traits for each species shown in the rows above (e.g., species A has a wide, long beak and red tail, while species C has a narrow, very long beak and a green tail). DNA sequencing of tissue samples found buried in a freezer confirms that an extremely rare and reclusive species (D) is a sister species of E, but preserved samples of entire individuals of species D have been lost, the original collector of the samples has passed away, and no individuals of species D have subsequently been seen in the wild. In other words, we have no idea what species D looks like. Employing the principle of parsimony, which of the following conclusions is MOST appropriate for the likely values of these traits in species D? Beak width: wide wide ?? narrow narrow Beak length: long long ?? long very long Tail colour: red blue ?? green green A E a) wide beak, very long beak, green tail b) narrow beak, long beak, all…
The phylogenetic tree to the right showsthe evolutionary relationships of taxa A –H. The shapes represent character statetrait changes. A. Which traits (shapes) would individualsin taxa D have? Draw the collection oftraits. B. Is the triangle a synapomorphy orpleisomorphy (circle one)? C. Is the circle a synapomorphy orsympleisomorphy (circle one)?
What is the purpose of using an outgroup when reconstructing a phylogenetic tree? [at least mention 4 points]

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