32. What are the two components of tRNA which are important for building a protein? what are mutations? What causes a mutation? 33. What kind of mutation is sickle cell anemia?-point mutation 34. What are the two major components of a virus?-nucleic acid and a protein coat, the capsid. 35. What are two cycles of virus? If it stays dormant in the host cell, it is itself and destroys the host cell, it is in cycle. cycle; if it makes a million copies of

32. What are the two components of tRNA which are important for building a protein? what are mutations? What causes a mutation? 33. What kind of mutation is sickle cell anemia?-point mutation 34. What are the two major components of a virus?-nucleic acid and a protein coat, the capsid. 35. What are two cycles of virus? If it stays dormant in the host cell, it is itself and destroys the host cell, it is in cycle. cycle; if it makes a million copies of

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter15: Genes And Proteins

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 3VCQ: Figure 15.16 Many antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. For example, tetracycline blocks...

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4. How is replication different from transcription in terms of product? 5. What do you call each triplet code made up of three linearly arranged nucleotides in the mRNA? 6. What is the complement of the mRNA triplet code in the tRNA? 7. In what way is tRNA different from mRNA? 8. In what ways are RNA and DNA similar? 9, In what ways are they different?
1. Given the anticodon in tRNA is CUU, name the amino acid that will be added. 2. Given the anticodon in tRNA is CUU, what is the complementary codon? 3. How many synonyms code for arginine? 4. How many codons code for the amino acid cysteine? 5. How many codons code for the amino acid histidine? 6. How many codons code for the amino acid threonine?
26. Using the following DNA strand, write out the mRNA, and then the amino acids. DNA: 3' T- A- C- A- A- G- T- A- C- T- T- G- T- T- T- C- T- T- A- A- A 5' A LIGUULAUGAOLAAAGAAUUL Phe- MRNA: Amino Acids: met Phe- met Asme -LyS- G la- 27. Suppose the two guanosine (G) nucleotides in3 above were changed to two cytosine (C) nucleotides. What is the new amino acid chain? 28. Suppose the two guanosine (G) nucleotides in #3 were removed from the DNA strand. How would this mutation affect the amino acid chain? Write out the new amino acid chain.
BONUS: Why do RNA viruses such as the COVID coronavirus, influenza virus and HIV have much higher mutation rates than DNA viruses such as Herpes viruses? O DNA polymerases which copy viral RNA have much higher mutation rates than RNA polymerases which copy viral DNA O RNA polymerases which copy viral RNA have much higher mutation rates than DNA polymerases which copy viral DNA RNA viral 60S ribosomes make many ore mutations than DNA viral 40S ribosomes O RNA viral gyrases make more mistakes than DNA viral helicases
6 What is the complement of the MRNA triplet code in the TRNA? 7 in what way is tRNA different from mRNA? 8 In what ways are RNA and DNA similar? 9. In what ways are they different?
1) name three types of RNA in a cell and their functions; 9. What is the role of RNA polymerase? To answer the question please: 2) draw a scheme of RNA synthesis; 3) name the enzymes required for RNA synthesis.
15. The following is a list of some mRNA codons representing various amino acids. Met-AUG, Pro - CCC, Phe-UUU, Gly - GGC, GGU Leu - CUA, Arg - CGA, CGG Ser - UCU, Asp - AAU Thr-ACC, Val - GUA His - CAC A portion of a strand of DNA contains the following nucleotide sequence: 5'... AAA GAT TAC CAT GGG CCG GCT...3' (a) What is the mRNA sequence transcribed from it? (b) What is the amino acid sequence of this partially-synthesized protein? Cur or (c) What is the amino acid sequence if, during transcription, the third G on the left in the DNA is read as T? beri (d) What is the amino acid sequence if, during translation, the first two Us of the mRNA are not read and the fourth C from the left in the mRNA is not read or is deleted?
12. The following codons and the amino acids they encode is as follows: AUG = Met UUU, UUC = Phe UUA, UUG = Leu UCU, UCC = Ser CCU, CCC = Pro ACU, ACC = Thr %3D %3D The 5' - ACU-UUC-ACU-AUG-UUU-UUA-UCC-UCC-ACU-CCU-UGA-3' MRNA transcript results in a polypeptide. (a) Give the sequence of amino acids in the primary structure of the polypeptide. (3) (b) Give the sequence of nucleotides corresponding to this transcript in: (i) the DNA strand that was read to produce the MRNA (5) (ii) the DNA strand that was NOT read (the coding strand) (5) (c) How many distinct aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases would be used in the synthesis of this polypeptide? (1) (d) Name TWO characteristics of the genetic code that are evident in the data given in the question. (2)
7. The following amino acid sequence represents part of a protein. The normal sequence and a mutant form are shown. By consulting Table 3-1 in your textbook, determine the double-stranded sequence of the corresponding section of the normal gene. Which strand is the strand that RNA polymerase "reads" and copies? What would the sequence of the resulting mRNA be? What kind of mutation is the mutant protein most likely to represent? Normal -lys-arg-his-his-tyr-leu- Mutant 1 -lys-arg-his-his-cys-leu- Geneticists are studying a malfunctioning protein that causes impaired endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis. They have noticed that the amino acid sequence of the protein is truncated compared to normal controls. The mutated mRNA strand is isolated, and analysis shows a mutation located near the 3' end of the coding region. The 3' terminal coding sequence of the abnormal mRNA strand is shown below. 5-...-AUG-ACC-ACU-CCA-CUG-UUG-UUC-CAA-GGG-GAG-AGC-UAG-GUC-CGG- GGC-GGA-AAA-UUU-UAA-3 Using…
1. It is a large complex ribonucleoprotein particle that chemically modifies the pre mRNA strand by the removal of introns 2. This is a linkage between paired bases in the secondary DNA structure 3. It refers to the linkage between 2 nucleotides in the DNA molecule 4. Give the range of the number of nucleotides present in a single protein molecule 5. Identify the number of bases included in the nucleosome 6. It is an enzyme that cuts the bacterial plasmid at its cleavage site
Which of the following is not made out of RNA? the carriers that shuffle amino acids to a growing polypeptide strand the ribosome the messenger molecule that provides the code for protein synthesis the intron
Figure 15.16 Many antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. For example, tetracycline blocks the A site on the bacterial ribosome, and chloramphenicol blocks peptidyl transfer. What specific effect would you expect each of these antibiotics to have on protein synthesis? Tetracycline would directly affect: tRNA binding to the ribosome ribosome assembly growth of the protein chain Chloramphenicol would directly affect tRNA binding to the ribosome ribosome assembly growth of the protein chain