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- 4. Which of the following formulations will give the highest ATP yield upon complete oxidation? Show the number of ATPs produced per mole of the compound. Formulation A: o Sucrose o Pyruvate o 1,2,3-tristearoyl glyceride o Oxaloacetate Formulation B: o Maltose o Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate o Lauric acid o Ala-met-phe-lys-asp1. (a) write, using structural formulas, the sequence of TCA cycle intermediates. Indicate the position of the 14C atom in each intermediate. Do not name enzymes or cofactors catalyzing the reactions. Starting with citrate formed immediately after reaction of [2-14C]acetyl-SCOA with OAA,. Write a balanced equation for the complete oxidation of each of the following, and calculate the respiratory quotient for each substance. (a) Ethanol (b) Acetic acid (c) Stearic acid (d) Oleic acid (e) Linoleic acid
- 7. Complete the scheme for isocitrate dehydrogenase. Name the reactant and product. Draw and name the intermediate. COOH HIC H H-C -COOH HO-C-H COOH NAD(P)* NAD(P) H +H+ CO₂ بر COOH HIC-H HIC-H C=O COOH2. Glvcolate is oxidized into Glvoxylate by cytochrome C using the glycolate oxidase enzyme. The two half- reactions are shown below in their standard reduction forms. но +2 H* (aq) + 2 e Glyoxylate Glycolate CytC-Fe* +e CytC-Fe a) What is the overall reaction in the enzyme redox reaction? b) Given that the (i) equilibrium constant at pH-7 and 25 C for the overall reaction in (a) is 2.14x10", and (i) the biochemical standard reduction potential of cytochrome C is +0.25 V, calculate the overall biochemical standard voltage at the enzyme (E") and the biochemical standard reduction potential of glyoxylate.2. In contrast to the toxicity of 2-fluoro-citrate, L-(2-fluoro-)succinate is not an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase and the product 2-fluoro-fumarate is converted by fumarate hydratase to L-(2-fluoro-2- hydroxy)malate that breaks down to oxaloacetate. (a) the FAD coenzyme of succinate dehydrogenase as the normal substrate? Write the reaction with structural formulas to illustrate your answer. Does the oxidation of 2-fluoro-succinate yield the same number of reducing equivalents to (b) droxy)malate, which breaks down spontaneously to oxaloacetate. Write the equation with structural formulas. 2-fluoro-fumarate is a substrate of fumarate hydratase forming only L-(2-fluoro-2-hy- Oxaloacetate has been shown to be a very po- (c) tent inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. For the enzyme 3 isolated from cardiac muscle the Kj value is ~4 x 10-6M, as shown in the L-B plot on the right. Yet, this inhibition is never discussed in biochemistry textbooks. From your reading in the textbook,…
- H H C=0+NADH + H+ H-C-OH + NAD+ CH3 Ethanol CH3 Acetaldehyde 7. Using the reaction above, describe what molecule is being oxidized and what molecule is being reduced.1. In a catabolic pathway, metabolite X gets converted into metabolite Y, metabolite X 0 J mol-¹ and AG' is <0 J mol-¹ for this reaction. a) At standard states, is this reaction favorable? b) Is the reaction favorable or unfavorable at cellular condition? c) Is this an endergonic or exergonic reaction in the cell? d) Would you describe this as a thermodynamically downhill or uphill reaction in the cell?(i) During the Pyruvate Decarboxylase (PDC) catalysed reaction, a covalent coenzyme intermediate is formed. On the skeleton of the covalent coenzyme intermediate below draw the appropriate double bonds, charges, and electron pairs to illustrate the two resonance forms of this intermediate. Name each form in the boxes provided. HO S R' N -R HO S R' N -R
- With H2 as electron donor, why is reduction of Fe3+ a morefavorable reaction than reduction of fumarate?3. The rates of a carbonic anhydrase catalyzed reaction of CO2 and H20, in the absence and presence of an inhibitor (I), are measured and given below. The initial concentration of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase was 20 mM, and the initial concentration of the inhibitor concentration was 6.0 mM. (Attach any necessary graphs) R. (M s) Ro (M s²) [S]. (M) No inhibitor With Inhibitor 1.00E-03 1.76E-06 1.17E-06 2.00E-03 2.50E-06 1.45E-06 5.00E-03 3.34E-06 1.70E-06 1.00E-02 3.77E-06 1.81E-06 2.00E-02 4.02E-06 1.86E-06 a) Determine the mode of inhibition b) Calculate the values of Km, Ki, Rmax, k2.Complete the balanced equation for the overall reaction. Select answer choice in between brackets. Sucrose + [2 Pi, 4Pi]+[4 ADP, 2 ADP, 4 ATP, 2ATP]+[2 NAD+, 4 NAD+, 6 NAD+]+[H2O, 5 H2O, 3 H2O] --> [2 cirate, 2 oxaloacetate, 2 pyruvate, 2 acetyl-coA]+[4 ADP, 2 ADP, 4 ATP, 2ATP] + [2 NAD+, 4 NAD+, 6 NAD+] + [2H+, 8H+, 6 H+, 4 H+, 10 H+] Does the commercial process require aerated culture medium—that is, is this a fermentation or an aerobic process? A. a fermentation process, because A. niger cells must use O2O2 to continuously regenerate NAD+ B. an aerobic process, because A. niger cells must use O2O2 to continuously regenerate NAD+ C. a fermentation process, because A. niger cells cannot use O2O2 to continuously regenerate NAD+ D. an aerobic process, because A. niger cells cannot use O2O2 to continuously regenerate NAD+