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- 14. Following fertilization, a zygote divides and soon becomes a 2 po multicellular embryo with many different cell types, as represented below. Which statement best explains this development? * Zygote Embryo Muscle cells Intestinal cells Liver cells Blood cells Nerve cell Cardiac cells Specialization occurs, resulting in the formation of a great variety of cell types Genes are inserted into the zygote to allow for the formation of different cell types The expression of genes responsible for the different cell types is controlled by the placenta The genetic information in the zygote is divided to produced a complete set for each cell type.4. Some stages in the development of an individual are listed here. A = differentiation of cells into tissues, B = fertilization of egg by sperm, C = organ development, D = mitotic cell division of zygote.. Which sequence represents the correct order of these stages? * O A -B-C-D B-C-A-D O D-B-C-A O B-D-A- c5. What messages does a gene provide? And how is the language of the gene expressed?
- Carefully distinguish between the terms differentiation and determination. Which phenomenon occurs initially during development?5. This diagram illustrates regulation of the Pitx-1 gene, which is expressed in various cell types • during certain stages of animal embryonic development. Answer the questions that follow: Promoter Coding Region Pelvis Olfactory Jaw Regulatory Segments ("Switches") a. Which portion of this sequence gets transcribed and translated into a protein? b. Which portion of this sequence underwent a deletion mutation in certain species of freshwater stickleback fish? Did that mutation have an impact on the amino acid sequence of the protein, when it was expressed? С. d. If this switch underwent the same mutation in a turtle embryo, how would the turtle's phenotype be impacted? е. Would this phenotypic change in the turtle likely be adaptive? Briefly explain.4. a. Briefly explain how the mutation in one gene can trigger a cascade of genetic impacts in the embryonic development. b. In one sentence explain why this type of mutations only affect the offspring of the mutant female and not the mutant female herself.
- I am confused about how stem cell transplants works. If you put a semi differentiated tadpole nucleus in a denucleated egg cell, it’ll develop into a fully formed tadpole, but if you put a fully differentiated tadpole nucleus, it won’t (because the genes have already been expressed in a way where the cytoplasmic determinants cannot operate to the fullest). Then how come in stem cell transplants, you use adult nucleuses that are already developed and transplant them into the denucleated egg cells?9. name the stage of development represented by the three modelsExplain mRNA and protein products of maternal effect genes within the early embryo?
- Discuss two reasons why the therapeutic use ofembryonic stem cells can present a problem.Another way to study the role of proteins (e.g., transcription factors) that function in development is to microinject the mRNA that encodes a protein, or the purified protein itself, into an oocyte or embryo, and then determine how this affects the subsequent development of the embryo, larva, and adult. For example, if Bicoid protein is injected into the posterior region of an oocyte, the resulting embryo will develop into a larva that has anterior structures at both ends. Based on your understanding of the function of each developmental gene, what would be the predicted phenotype if the following proteins or mRNAs were injected into normal oocytes? A. Nanos mRNA injected into the anterior end of an oocyte B. Antp protein injected into the posterior end of an embryo C. Toll mRNA injected into the dorsal side of an early embryoWhat statement best describes the difference between "fate maps" and "specification"? If cells are transplanted from their normal region in an embryo to a different region in a recipient embryo, such cells will alter their fate, but not their specification. Cell fate map describes the allocation of cells to the germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm, whereas specification describes the exact tissues that each cell will ultimately become. The fate map of an embryo does not change during development -- the fate map of an egg is the same as the fate map of a late blastula -- whereas the specification map of an embryo changes continually as the embryo's development proceeds. The fate map of a cell is determined by labelling that cell and following it during normal development, whereas the specification state of a cell is determined by culturing a cell in an artificial medium and observing what tissues form from it.