5. Why in the initial phase of fluid replacement is rapid in both isotonic and hypotonic dehydration, but it is contraindicated in hypertonic dehydration?
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5. Why in the initial phase of fluid replacement is rapid in both isotonic and hypotonic dehydration, but it is contraindicated in hypertonic dehydration?
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- 1. There is a medical condition called Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone (SIADH) secretion, which can occur as a result of head trauma. Patients with this condition retain water and present with a volume imbalance. A) Name the type of volume imbalance and accompanying direction of changes in ICF and ECF volumes and osmolality. B) Calculate the changes in osmolality and volumes of extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments if 3 liters of water are retained by a patient with SIADH. You can assume that the patient’s initial volumes were ECF=14 L, ICF=28 L. And his initial body osmolality = 290 mOsM. Remember that the total solute in the ICF compartment is kept in place by the cell membrane barrier.11. An investigator is conducting a clinical study of the effects of ADH (vasopressin) on whole body fluid balance. The plan is to produce increased circulating concentrations of ADH. Following a 5% change from baseline, which of the following will be the most effective physiologic stimulus for increasing ADH secretion in this study? A) Decrease in blood pressure B) Decrease in blood volume C) Increase in serum osmolality D) Increase in fluid intake E) Increase in hematocrit19. List the concentrations for interstitial and intracellular fluids of the following ions: Na ,K,Cl,Ca,HCO3, HPO4, and pH
- 87. A patient develops increased thirst and urinary frequency shortly after head trauma. If ADH (vasopressin) deficiency is the cause, which of the following changes in osmolality is expected? Osmolality Plasma ↑ ↓ O O O O Urine A) ↑ B) ↑ ↓ ↓77. A patient develops increased thirst and urinary frequency shortly after head trauma. If ADH (vasopressin) deficiency is the cause, which of the following changes in osmolality is expected? Osmolality Urine A) 7 B) T Plasma1.) What are the most important extracellular and intracellular fluid ions and give the significance of each? 2.) What is the outcome of decrease Calcium ions in the body in muscle contraction? 3.) What is the normal body pH?
- 13. A decrease in atrial natriuretic peptide will result in which of the following? Extracellular Extracellular Fluid Volume Nat Content A) OB) OC) OD) 1 ↓ 119. List common causes for metabolic acid-base imbalances.39. An investigator is conducting a clinical study of the effects of ADH (vasopressin) on whole body fluid balance. The plan is to produce increased circulating concentrations of ADH Following a 5% change from baseline, which of the following will be the most effective physiologic stimulus for increasing ADH secretion in this study? OA) Decrease in blood pressure OB) Decrease in blood volume OC) Increase in serum osmolality OD) Increase in fluid intake OE) Increase in hematocrit
- 30. Give the factors affecting the volume of urine in normal physiological condition. How does each factor affect the urine volume?29. A 3-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-day history of lethargy. Physical examination shows no other abnormalities. The results of laboratory studies are shown: Serum Na+ CI- A) Angiotensin-converting enzyme B) Aquaporin C) 11a-Hydroxylase D) Renin E) Vasopressin receptors Osmolality Specific gravity Osmolality Urine 165 mEq/L (N=139-146) 130 mEq/L (N=95-105) 334 mOsmol/kg H₂O (N=282-295) 1.001 117 mOsmol/kg H₂O (N>200) He is admitted to the hospital. His urine output is increased. His serum ADH (vasopressin) concentration is 24 pg/mL (N=1-5); aldosterone and renin concentrations are within the referenc ranges. The urine osmolality remains unchanged after administration of 1-deamino-8-arginine vasopressin. An MRI of the brain and pituitary gland shows no abnormalities. Ultrasonograp shows normal kidneys. The most likely underlying cause of the findings in this patient is a defect in which of the following?Define the role of sodium ion in maintaining extracellular fluid volume.