6. List the main similarities and differences between transposons, retrotransposons, group II introns, and retroviruses. Transposons Retrotransposons Group II introns Retroviruses
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- 8. Another unique feature of coronaviruses is usage of a -1 ribosomal frameshift. Explain this frameshift and its significance for the expression of all 16 Nsp proteins, and what two signals drive the -1 ribosomal frameshift?2. Predict the replication step for the novel Miovirus. This virus was determined to have a dsRNA genome Draw out your prediction. Include any proteins/enzymes the virus will need to use, bring or express to carry out the replication. Indicate where it is likely for replication to occur in the host cell.1. What impacts might mutations have on the transmission of the virus (COVID-19)? 2. At which stage of viral infection did these mutations most likely occur (COVID-19)?
- 15. Why do viruses with a + strand of RNA make a - strand of RNA. .BONUS: Why do RNA viruses such as the COVID coronavirus, influenza virus and HIV have much higher mutation rates than DNA viruses such as Herpes viruses? O DNA polymerases which copy viral RNA have much higher mutation rates than RNA polymerases which copy viral DNA O RNA polymerases which copy viral RNA have much higher mutation rates than DNA polymerases which copy viral DNA RNA viral 60S ribosomes make many ore mutations than DNA viral 40S ribosomes O RNA viral gyrases make more mistakes than DNA viral helicasesOne of the first and most important targets for drugs to fight infection with HIV (a retrovirus) is the reverse transcriptase enzyme. Why?
- Which of the following is not associated with prions? Replicating shapes Mad cow disease DNA Toxic proteinsWhich statement is true of viroids? They are single-stranded RNA particles They reproduce only outside of the cell They produce proteins They affect both plants and animals.14. what is The process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell via a viral vector?
- 1. "One structural form used in building virus particles is based on the icosahedron. Describe, either in words or in a diagram, the organization (number of capsomers, etc.) of the simplest virus particle of this form. 2. If a virus has a negative‐sense RNA genome, what enzymatic activity (if any) will be found as part of the virion, and what will be the first step in expression of the viral genome?"12. Which of the following are not the functional components of a simple retroviral genome? gag, pol, and env genes 5' Untranslated regions 3' Untranslated regions transgene 13. One of the major drawback of using Microarray over RNA sequencing for high throughput sequence analysis is allows quantification of transcripts over five orders of magnitude used to identify new transcripts and alternative isoforms RNA-Seq is sensitive and offers a way of profiling transcripts of single cells a significant amount of input RNA is required7 Why does incorporation of AZT into viral nucleic acids cause chain termination?
