6. Riboswitches are RNA sequences found in the 5' untranslated region of messenger RNA (mRNA) that controlgene expression in response to small molecule binding. These regulatory elements adopt two conformations:an "on" state when a specific small molecule ligand is bound and an "off" state in the absence of ligand. Whenthe mRNA is "off", the gene remains untranslated.The structure of a guanine-responsive riboswitch was solved in 2004 (Nature, 432, 411-415) and is shownbelow at low (left) and high (right) resolution with a guanine derivative bound: (see Blackboard for color image)Guanine riboswitch with a guaninederivative (red) bound; zoomed out.U22U47HXU51C74Guanine riboswitch with a guanine derivative(HX) bound; atomic detail. Note: blue =nitrogen, red = oxygen. C and U followstandard nucleotide naming conventions.a. What interactions are occurring between the riboswitch and the guanine derivative that make bindingfavorable?b. Of these interactions, which ones confer specificity for the riboswitch binding guanine and not theother nucleobases (C, A, T, U)?

Riboswitches are regulatory elements that control gene expression in response to the binding of…

Answered: 6. Riboswitches are RNA sequences found…

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter15: Genes And Proteins

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 18RQ: A scientist introduces a mutation that makes the 60S ribosomal subunit nonfunctional in a human cell...

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1. True or false for these statements: a. ubiquitin molecule signals that a protein is ready to be transported to the endoplasmic reticulum b. In the ribosome during translation, the incoming tRNA will transfer its amino acid to the outgoing tRNA c.Folding of nascent or new proteins occurs after the full-length polypeptide chain has been separated from the ribosome after translation d. A signal peptide may or may not be degraded once it has guided the polypeptide to the endoplasmic reticulum
2) Myoclonal epilepsy and ragged red fiber disease (MERRF) is a human condition named for the ragged red fibers of skeletal muscle cells and myoclinic epilepsy in affected individuals. People with this disorder have a mutation in a mitochondrial gene for a tRNA, specfically that for lysine. Why are affected individuals always heteroplasmic?
1. The AUC and AUA codons in mRNA both specify isoleucine. What feature of the genetic code explains this? 2. Describe two features of a tRNA molecule that allow it to function as an adaptor molecule during translation.
6. Indicate whether each of the following events occurs when tryptophan is high or when tryptophan is low by placing a check in each of the appropriate blanks. Share your reasoning. Tryptophan Tryp high Event Ribosome does not stall at Trp codons Region 2 of the leader pairs with region 3 Ribosome covers part of region 2 of leader Transcription is terminated before structural genes are transcribed
15. Cellular proteins are oftentimes post-translationally modified. Choose one of the following PTMs: N-linked glycosylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, or GPI-anchor. Clearly indicate your choice, then address the following: (a) How is the PTM attached to the protein of interest? At which amino acid residue(s)? What enzyme(s) is involved, if any? (b) Is the PTM relatively stable or highly dynamic? Explain. How does the PTM become detached from the protein of interest? What enzyme(s) is involved, if any? (c) What is the function of the PTM? Provide one specific example.
Genetic expression involves transcription and translation. Match the structure or molecule to the step. a. promoter region b. RNA polymerase c. antisense strand d. poly-A tail е. 5 саp f. splicing g. anticodon loop h. acceptor stem i. peptide bond j. A site 57. transcribed strand that will go on to translation 58. site where tRNA with amino acid enters the ribosome 59. intron sequences are removed and exons are combined together 60. site where amino acid combines with tRNA
2. You perform a series of experiments on the synthesis of the pituitary hormone prolactin, which is a single polypeptide chain 199 amino acids long. In the first experiment, the MRNA coding for prolactin is translated in a cell-free protein synthesizing system containing ribosomes, amino acids, tRNAs, aminoacyl-TRNA synthetases, ATP, GTP, and the appropriate initiation, elongation, and termination factors. Under these conditions, a polypeptide chain 227 amino acids long is synthesized. In a second experiment, the MRNA is translated in the same cel1-free system to which you have added SRP. In this case, translation stops after a peptide about 70 amino acids long has been produced. In a third experiment, you use the same cell-free translation system to which you have added both SRP and endoplasmic reticulum vesicles, and you find that that the prolactin MRNA now produces a polypeptide that is 199 amino acids long. A) Explain these results.
1. Considering the following nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule: 5’ AUG UUA CGU AAU GCU GUC GAA UCU AUU UGC UUU ACA UAA 3' d) Write the amino acid sequence of the peptide synthesized from the given mRNA nucleotide sequence. e) Draw the structure of the pertide fragment made up of the first five (5) amino acids in the given polypeptide.
18. Amino acids at the N-terminal end of eukaryotic polypeptides that contain information required for post-translational processing and determining the extra-cellular destination of the nascent polypeptides. Group of answer choices 1. Sigma Sequence 2. Signal Sequence 3. Chaperone Sequence 4. Kozak Sequence
25. A portion of an mRNA attached to a ribosome reads: 5′ GACAUGAACAGC 3′ If a tRNA with a methionine amino acid attached is in the P site of the ribosome, a tRNA with which amino acid attached will enter the A site? Group of answer choices 1. Asparagine 2. Lysine 3. Threonine 4. Glutamic Acid
10. In eukaryotic cells, glycosylation activity of membrane proteins is found in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is accomplished by the enzyme oligosaccharyl transferase (OST), which adds oligosaccharides to the amino group of Asn residues of the consensus sequence Asn-X-Thr/Ser. a. The following ER membrane protein construct has a cytosolic N-terminal region and a membrane-spanning variable sequence. The variable sequence is a signal anchor (SA) sequence. Would you expect the C-terminal region of the B subunit to be glycosylated? Why or why not? variable sequence C-terminal region of B-subunit N-terminal region b. An additional transmembrane region is added to the construct prior to the variable sequence, as shown below. The transmembrane is a signal anchor (SA) sequence, while the variable sequence is a stop transfer anchor (STA) sequence. Would you expect the C-terminal region of the B subunit to be glycosylated? Why or why not? C-terminal region of B-subunit…
10. A portion of 5'-AUGCCACGAGUUGAC-3'. What amino acid sequence does this code for? To answer the question please: I) explain what is the genetic code and list the properties of the genetic e 2) draw a diagram of protein synthesis; 3) determine which tRNA should be attached to the mRNA; 4) what is the anticodon for the very first tRNA that will attach to mRNA? mRNA molecule has the sequence an

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