A Pressurized Water Reactor fuel rod is 12 ft long and 0.374 inches in diameter (outer) on a 0.496 inch square pitch. The fuel pellet diameter is 0.3225 inches. The fuel rod gap is constant with a width of 0.0065 inches. The system pressure is 2250 psia and can be assumed to be constant. The rod operates at linear heat rate of 12.1 kW/ft. At the elevation of interest, the coolant temperature is 575 °F with a convective heat transfer coefficient of 6200- For this elevation determine the temperature BTU hr ft²F margin to boiling according to Jens-Lottes. Also assume constant fluid properties given as: p=46.39 Ibm = ,c. 1.261- BTU Ibm-F BTU -,k=0.334- hr-ft-F Ibm ft-hr M=0.222- -, Tsat 652.7F =
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- A 34'11 MWth plant operates at a thermal efficiency of 34%. The waste heat is dumped across a condenser which operates at a shell side pressure of 0.717 psia. For the given information below, determine the condenser tube length. Coolant Flow Rate 4.81 x 108 Ibm/hr Coolant Inlet Temperature 60 F Number of Tubes 62,832 Lattice triangular Pitch 1.5 inch Tube OD 1 inch Tube ID 0.944 inch Tube Thermal Conductivity 10 Btu/hr-ft-F Condensing Heat Transfer Coefficient 1228 Btu/hr-ft2-FSolar concentrators are used to power a small village. Which one of these below is not important to generate the enough amount of power? To find the maximum power, we can use the condenser and turbine inlet temperatures as reference. Nusselt number depends whether it is cooling or heating turbulent flow problem None of the given First law of thermodynamics is one of the important steps to solve the problem The thermal and velocity entry length can be found using Reynolds number and the diameter of the pipeline Pipeline should be place at an appropriate distance from the concentrators and we can approach the problem as steady flow problem6. Н.W A furnace is to be designed for a heat duty of 30 x 10° Btu/hr and efficiency of 75%. The furnace is fired with gaseous fuel at a rate of 17 lb air/lb fuel (NHV=17000 Btu/lb). The tubes are arranged in two rows and are of 5 inch out diameter OD. With 40 ft length and 2×OD center to center Spacing, heat rate of 35000 Btu/hr of projected area is recommended. Calculate: 1) Percentage of heat absorbed in radiation section (R%). 2) The number of tubes in the radiation section. 3) Heat absorbed in the convection section. (State any assumptions used).
- Estimate the heat exchanger area needed to cool 55,000 lb/hr of a light oil (specific heat= 0.74 Btu/lb°F) from 190°F to 140°F using cooling water that is available at 50°F. Thecooling water can be allowed to heat to 90°F. An initial estimate of the Overall HeatTransfer Coefficient is 120 Btu/hr.ft².°F. Show a schematic of the heat exchanger. Estimate the required mass flow rate of cooling water. The LMTD Taking the shell and tube heat exchanger described above how manytubes of 3 inch diameter and 10 ft length should be used?Catalogue data of a water-cooled condenser of a manufacturer gives the following details: Condensing temperature 48.9°C Water inlet temperature 37.8°C Water flow rate 20.694 kg/s Capacity 145 tons Estimate the capacity of this condenser with the same water flow rate but with an inlet temperature of 30°C and a condensation temperature of 42°C. The evaporation temperature may be assumed to be constant at 2.2°C.Coal Plant LCOE Consider a coal plant with the following characteristics: Capital cost of $2800 per kW • CCF of 0.11 • FOM costs of $106 per kW-year Fuel costs of $1.02 per GJ • Utilization of 75% (about 6574 hours per year) • VOM costs of $0.0054 per kWh • Efficiency of 34% Part 1: What are the fixed costs in dollars per kilowatt-hour? 0.0084 $/kWh x 0.0084 Part 2: What are the variable costs in dollars per kilowatt-hour? 3 $/kWh x
- A four-effect evaporator is being considered for concentrating a fruit juice that has no appreciable boiling-point elevation. Steam is available at 143.27 kPa, and the boiling point of the product in the fourth effect is 45°C. The overall heat-transfer coeffi cients are 3000 W/(m 2 °C) in the fi rst effect,2500W/(m2 °C) in the second effect, 2100W/(m2°C) in the third effect, and 1800W/(m2°C) in the fourth effect. Calculate the boiling-point temperatures of the product in the fi rst,second, and third effects. Assume the heating areas in all the effects are equal to 50m2 each. The mass fl ow rate of steam to the fi rst effect is 2400kg/h, the feed rate to the fi rst effect of 5% total solids fl uid is 15,000kg/h, the concentrated product from the fi rst effect leaves at 6.25% total solids, and the concentration of product leaving the second effect is 8.82% total solids.• A 6 MW generator had a thrust of 103,000 lb. The outside diameter of the step bearing is 12 in, and the inside diameter is 8 in. Employ a film thickness of 0.004 in. Use SAE 20 oil at 120 , the specific heat of the oil being 0.6 BTU/lb deg F, and density of 0.307 lb/cu. in Determine: (d) Temperature riseA concentrating solar collector array with 42 modules each comprising a CLFR (refer to Figure 8.11) and an absorber tube is used for raising steam under the following operating conditions:• Superheated steam condition: p1 = 100 bars, t1 = 550°C, enthalpy h1 = 3500 kJ/kg (from h,s-diagram)• Feedwater temperature is t2 = 268°C and its enthalpy is h2 = cp t2 = 4.187 × 268 = 1122 kJ/kg• Direct (beam) normal insolation (DNI) at the system location Ib,N = 833 W/m2 • Aperture area of a single CLFR module Aap = 390 m2• Efficiency of the solar collector ηc = 0.71 Calculate (i) the rate of useful heat output of the CLFR array and (ii) therate of steam production.
- 1. 400,000 Ibm/hr of 270°F water is to be heated to 370°F by condensing saturated 390°F steam. (The steam does not sub cool upon condensing). Your job is to design the heat exchanger. The following parameters represent constraint your design. number of tube passes 4 tube fluid water being heated number of shell pass shell fluid steam being cooled U (based on outside tube area) 700 BTU/hr – ft² – °F 1 in tube outside diameter tube wall thickness 1/16 in bulk tube fluid velocity 5 ft/s (a) How many tubes are required per pass? (b) How many tubes are required total? (c) Allowing 3 ft for headers and flanges, how long should the exchanger be?a. An air stream passing through a 2-inch (1/6 ft) diameter, thin-walled tube is to be heated by high- pressure steam condensing on the outer surface of the tube at 320 °F. The overall heat transfer coefficient, h between steam and air can be assumed to be 25 Btu/(ft2.hr °F) with the air entering at 100 ft/sec, 10 psia, 40 °F. The air is to be heated to 150 °F. Determine the tube length required. Assuming Rayleigh Line flow, calculate the static pressure change due to heat addition. Also, for the same inlet conditions, calculate the pressure drop due to friction, assuming Fanno flow in the duct with f = 0.018. b. c. d. To obtain an approximation to the overall pressure drop in this heat exchanger, add the two results. Discuss the accuracy of this calculation.A group of students were tasked to compare the coefficient of performance of the freezer after observing how effective it operates after it converts a certain amount of water to ice in 6 hours. They were able to construct the table shown below. Compute the actual and ideal COP for both freezers Panasonic White Westinghouse 0.08 hp Power rating 42 W Mass of water 15 kg 20.5 kg Latent heat of solidification 80 cal/g 80 cal/g Interior temperature Exterior temperature 0.9- - 10°C 31'C 20°C