analyse the methods of budgeting that are at the disposal of the public finance office bears in South Africa, including the benefits and pitfalls of each method
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A: Standard deviation refers to the measurement of the scatterness of the data from its mean value…
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A:
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A: GIVEN,
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Q: 1. What is the gamma of the option,
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Q: Click on the following icon in order to copy its contents into a spreadsheet.) Cash Flow Today ($…
A: Net present value refers to the method of capital budgeting which is calculated by deducting the…
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- Which of the following statements is the intended goal or outcome of a traditional line-item budget? Estimate the costs of accomplishing measurable tasks or activities Provide mechanisms for expenditure control Focus attention on the value of public services provided Require crosswalks to identify appropriations to agenciesWhat is the difference between forecasting and budgeting? Provide examples. Who funds law enforcement agencies? What are some possible new sources of funding for a police department, a municipal court, and a state prison?Modified Budgeting (MB) approach was implemented in 1990 through the issuance of Treasury Circular No. 11/1990 to overcome the weaknesses of Programme and Performance Budgeting (PPB). MB was regarded as the modification to PPB and it consisted of four important elements namely; expenditure target, programme agreement and exception report, a cycle of programme evaluation and a more generalised approach to expenditure control. The main concept behind MB is to 'let managers manage', and this concept was put into practise using a 'top-down' planning technique. However, MB has flaws in that it continued to place more emphasis on outputs than outcomes, and was driven more towards compliance than performance. Due to MB's shortcomings, Outcome-Based Budgeting (OBB) was developed and is still in use today. Among the objectives of OBB are to efficiently manage national resources and enhance public sector accountability.
- Describe the budget system in Zambia, outlining the three stages of the process.Can you explain how budgetary accounting contributes to achieving budgetary control over revenues and expenditures for governmental entities and not-for-profit entitiesWhich of the following is part of the budget preparation process EXCEPT? a) Available resources b) Budget scope c) Budget format to be used d) Credit lines available