Q: why a pathogen COULD need to turn off certain genes when infecting a host?
A: Pathogens (specially bacterial pathogens) are equipped with some specific virulence genes located…
Q: Small genetic changes to a virus that result in viruses with similar antigenic properties is called
A:
Q: What is a nucleocapsid? Give examples of viruses with the twocapsid types.
A: Capsid refers to the protective covering of a virus made up of protomers. Protomers are the…
Q: Some phages have a modified replication cycle in which infected host cells continue to grow and…
A: The viruses are considered to be non-living when they are out of the host as they lack cellular…
Q: How do bacteriophages benefit and harm human hosts?
A: Viruses are the obligate intracellular parasite. They always hijack the host cell machinery and they…
Q: Which of the following human diseases is caused by a virus that requires reverse transcriptase to…
A: The virus is the connecting link between living and non living. Most of the animal viruses are RNA…
Q: Describe the process of viral reproduction.
A: Viral reproduction includes six stages: attachement, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly,…
Q: List three ways in which viruses can be transmitted from one organism to another.
A: Virus is a non-living pathogenic agent which depends on its host for survival. It is composed of…
Q: An animal virus can become latent inside the host cell as a provirus, What happens in this process…
A: Latent period is also known as the latency period or the pre-infectious period. Latent period is the…
Q: When transmitting a virus to the next host, they usually talk about horizontal and vertical…
A: Virus - it is the connective link between live and alive And it is inactive outside the cell
Q: Which of the following is a way in which plasmids may be introduced into host organisms?
A: Plasmids or transposons are considered replicons, units of DNA capable of replicating autonomously…
Q: Why is earlier to target a single mutant versus multiple mutants in the virus
A: Mutations are the changes in the DNA sequence of an organism which may or may not affect the…
Q: Describe the structure of influenza virus and its spikes.
A: Influenza virus, commonly known as the flu virus is responsible for the infections in the…
Q: _refers to copies of plasmid inside host cells.
A: Cloning is the process or the technique, scientists use for creating a genetically identical clone…
Q: Why does the virus carry a reverse transcriptase enzyme?
A: Viruses are obligate parasites that only live in the host organism. the infect the host organism and…
Q: Please describe each step mentioned in the figure below illustrating retroviral transfer of DNA into…
A: A retrovirus is a virus that has its genetic material in the form of RNA. When a retrovirus infects…
Q: List a method a virus can use to prime DNA а replication and give an example of a virus that uses…
A: Introduction: Viral replication means formation of viruses into the host cells during infection.…
Q: Please describe each step mentioned in the figure below illustrating retroviral transfer of DNA into…
A: A retrovirus inserts a copy of its RNA genome into the DNA genome of a host cell where its genome is…
Q: Explain the Lytic replication cycle of a nonenveloped bacterial virus.
A: Viruses follow two types of the cycle in order to reproduce in the host cell: the lytic cycle and…
Q: Describe the four steps in a lytic phage infection.
A: A virus is a submicroscopic organism which contains genetic information either in the form of DNA…
Q: The lytic replication cycle results in bacteriophage DNA integrated into the host genome. A. True…
A: A bacteriophage, also called a phage informally, is a virus that infects and replicates within…
Q: Describe the infective process of a bacteriophage as it attacks a cell.
A: The virus that infects bacteria is known as Bacteriophage. These bacteriophages infects host cell in…
Q: Draw a diagram of the one-step growth curve ofvirus replication, and briefly explain why the…
A: The bacteria and viruses are totally different from each other. They are different from each other…
Q: What part of the host cell is degraded after phage nucleic acid has entered a host cell?
A: Viruses are the obligate intracellular parasite. They always hijack the host cell machinery and they…
Q: The first phase in the multiplication of Bacteriophages is
A: Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria.
Q: Reverse transcriptase is needed to transcribe which type of viral genome into DNA? dsRNA SSDNA SSRNA…
A: Viral genome - Viral genome is defined as the genome of the virus particles. This genome can be made…
Q: True or false: positive sense RNA strands of viruses are treated like mRNA inside a host cell.
A: The meaning of a nucleic acid molecule, particularly a strand of DNA or RNA, in molecular biology…
Q: properties of virus particles
A:
Q: When a foreign DNA is introduced into an organism,how is it maintained In the host.
A: Introducing a foreign DNA into the host organism’s cells is known as gene delivery. In this process…
Q: Influenza virus uses______ which is found in the envelope spikes, to adhere to the host cell"
A: * Influenza virus will attacks respiratory system by entering the nose, throat and lungs. *Influenza…
Q: Explain the lytic cycle of a bacteriophages life cycle.
A: Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. The term "bacteriophage" literally means "bacteria…
Q: what could be the root causes why the COVID-19 Virus continue to spread? Name 5 main causes..
A: Viruses are infectious microparticles that cannot replicate independently. They infect the…
Q: Influenza viruses use to replicate its genome whereas retroviruses use…
A: Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. There…
Q: Describe the two main ways by which viral nucleic acid is introduced into the host cells
A: Viral infection causes stimulation of various specific and nonspecific types of immunity in the…
Q: Explain how poliovirus produces multiple proteins from its genomic RNA
A: Poliovirus is a single strand rna virus and it consists of positive strand rna and thus the rna is…
Q: The lytic cycle of a bacteriophage can be characterized by A large number of phages are released at…
A: Virus gains entry into the host cells. A bacteriophage is a virus that attacks bacteria. According…
Q: Describe how lytic bacteriophages are released from their host cells.
A: A temperate phage has an option to undergo lytic and lysogenic cycle. A lytic cycle involves the…
Q: True or False A bacteriophage that lacks a capsid structure is considered to be viroid
A: A length of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA), encased in a protein coat, makes up a virus, an…
Q: Explain how a virus can be genetically engineered to make it highly virulent and infectious
A: Introduction :- A virus is a small parasite that cannot reproduce by itself because it requires host…
Q: Explain why a virus is considered living or not living?
A: Virus are considered intermediate between the living or non living. They are considered as living…
Q: . Give an example of a DNA-repair defect that leads tocancer
A: Cancer results when body mechanism fails to control the cell division that has lost the control…
Q: List the Events in the lytic cycle of T-even bacteriophages.
A: Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and they depend on host cells for reproduction and…
Q: The image of the virus as shown below is part of the family 0f
A: Virus is a pathogen that lies between living and nonliving. These are living when they enter living…
Q: Describe the functions of the transcriptase/replicase complex in coronavirus replication.
A: Introduction :- Coronaviruses are encapsulated RNA viruses with a positive strand that infect…
Q: What is meant when it is said that a virus is in an inactive state?
A: Viruses are microscopic agents that can replicate only inside host cells. They can infect all types…
Q: Match each of the following viral families with the appropriate viral genera:
A: Virus are connecting link between living and non living. Herpes simplex virus causes genital herpes…
Q: Explain the life cycle of a virus
A: The life cycle of a virus is divided into five steps: attachment, penetration, biosynthesis,…
Q: Below is a figure for the cycle of the Influenza virus. Explain the shape.
A: Influenza virus(Flu virus) is a virus that cause flu by attacking lungs,throat and nose.This virus…
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- The major lipid components of cell membranes are: OA. sphingolipids O B. prostaglandins O c. phosphoglycerides D. terpenoids 34Sphingolipids are considered as phospholipids if: O The polar head group contains a single sugar (carbohydrate) such as glucose All sphingolipids are phospholipids O The polar head group contains a phosphate group The polar head group contains a complex sugar (carbohydrate) containg sialic acidThe molecule that is composed of fused rings and a single OH group is: O a. Cellulose O b. Starch Protein O d. Steroid O e. Phospholipid
- What are the components of a phospholipid? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY A. A polar phosphate group B. Three fatty acid chains C. Nonpolar fatty acid chains D. A nonpolar glycerol backboneof the following is incorrect about the sphingolipids? a. The backbone is sphingosine which has an amine group to which a fatty acid can be attac ▸ b. The sphingophospholipids have a phosphate group with an alcohol attached c. They are components of membranes Od. The cerebrosides have oligosaccharides as head groupsSphingolipids can contain of all of the following except A. glycerol. B. sphingosine. C. phosphocholine. D. a mono- or oligosaccharide.
- Which of the following molecules is amphipathic? Select all that apply. Select all that apply A triglyceride B phosphate C phospholipid D glucose E fatty acid F cholesterol SubmitThe following structure is a glycerophospholipid. a. Circle & label the 4 parts of the molecule: fatty acids (2), glycerol, phosphate, & amino alcohol. CH,- 0 - Č - (CH,),CH, CH - 0 -Č- (CH,),CH, CH, CH,- 0 - P - 0 - CH,- CH,- N° - CH, b. Which part of the molecule is considered nonpolar (hydrophobic)? (fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate or amino alcohol)Unlike a phospholipid, cholesterol hasa. a glycerol backbone.b. a polar phosphate group.c. a multiple ring structure.d. unsaturated fatty acid chains
- A phospholipid can be used to do all the following except O Increase the fluidity with the presence of unsaturated fatty acid tails. create a bi-layer membrane using amphipathic properties. form a micelle using a single layer and a hydrophobic core. O connect to a glycerol molecule to create a triacylglyceride.Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is a __________ that carries a net __________ charge. A. glycerophospholipid; -1 B. glycerophospholipid; -2 C. glycerophospholipid; -4 D. sphingolipid; -2 E. sphingolipid; -3Define the following terms:a. phosphoglycerideb. sphingolipidc. GPI anchord. glycolipide. sphingomyelin