Based on the document, what are some things you notice ? Native Americans long dominated the vastness of the American West. Linked culturally and geographicallyby trade, travel, and warfare, various Indigenous groups controlled most of the continent west of theMississippi River deep into the nineteenth century. Spanish, French, British, and later American tradershad integrated themselves into many regional economies, and American emigrants pushed ever westward.The West was becoming more industrialized and laid down rails and pushed its ever-expanding populationever farther west.Indigenous Americans have lived in North America for overten millennia and, into the late nineteenth century,perhaps as many as 250,000 Native people still inhabitedthe American West. But then unending waves of Americansettlers, the American military, and the unstoppableonrush of American capital conquered all. Often inviolation of its own treaties, the United States removedNative groups to ever-shrinking reservations,incorporated the West first as territories and then asstates, and, for the first time in its history, controlled theenormity of land between the two oceans.The history of the late-nineteenth-century West is not asimple story. What some touted as a triumph-the westward expansion of American authority-was forothers a tragedy. The West contained many peoples and many places, and their intertwined historiesmarked a pivotal transformation in the history of the United States.Religious revival led to a slew of social movements while slavery expanded. Industrialization occurredpredominantly in northern cities, while southern states held onto their plantations. Cotton was the majorcash crop of the 1800's, and it was apparent that major changes were being made in the nation.In 1862, northerners in Congress passed the Homestead Act, which allowed male citizens (or those whodeclared their intent to become citizens) to claim federally owned lands in the West. Settlers could headwest, choose a 160-acre surveyed section of land, file a claim, and begin "improving" the land by plowingfields, building houses and barns, or digging wells, and, after five years of living on the land, could apply forthe official title deed to the land. Hundreds of thousands of Americans used the Homestead Act to acquireland. The treeless plains that had been considered unfit for settlement became the new agricultural meccafor land-hungry Americans.The Homestead Act excluded married women from filing claims because they were considered the legaldependents of their husbands. Some unmarried women filed claims on their own, but single farmers (maleor female) were hard-pressed to run a farm and they were a small minority. Most farm households adoptedtraditional divisions of labor: men worked in the fields and women managed the home and kept the familyfed. Both were essential.The railroads boomed. In 1850, there were 9,000 miles of railroads in the United States. In 1900 there were190,000, including several transcontinental lines. To manage these vast networks of freight and passengerlines, companies converged rails at hub cities. Railroads brought cattle from Texas to Chicago for slaughter,where they were then processed into packaged meats and shipped by refrigerated rail to New York City andother eastern cities. Such hubs became the central nodes in a rapid-transit economy that increasinglyspread across the entire continent linking goods and people together in a new national network.Railroads created the market for ranching, and for the few years after the war that railroads connectedeastern markets with important market hubs such as Chicago, but had yet to reach Texas ranchlands,ranchers began driving cattle north, out of the Lone Star state, to major railroad terminuses in Kansas,Missouri, and Nebraska. Ranching was just one of many western industries that depended on the railroads.By linking the Plains with national markets and rapidly moving people and goods, the railroads made themodern American West.As the rails moved into the West, and more and more Americans followed, the situation for Native groupsdeteriorated even further. Treaties negotiated between the United States and Native groups had typicallypromised that if tribes agreed to move to specific reservation lands, they would hold those landscollectively. But as American westward migration mounted and open lands closed, white settlers began toargue that Native people had more than their fair share of land, that the reservations were too big, thatNative people were using the land "inefficiently," and that they still preferred nomadic hunting instead ofintensive farming and ranching.By the 1880s, Americans increasingly championed legislation to allow the transfer of Indigenous lands tofarmers and ranchers, while many argued that allotting land to individual Native Americans, rather than totribes, would encourage American-style agriculture and finally put Indigenous peoples who had previouslyresisted the efforts of missionaries and federal officials on the path to "civilization."Passed by Congress on February 8, 1887, the Dawes General Allotment Act splintered Native Americanreservations into individual family homesteads. Each head of a Native family was to be allotted 160 acres,the typical size of a claim that any settler could establish on federal lands under the provisions of theHomestead Act. Single individuals over age eighteen would receive an eighty-acre allotment, and orphanedchildren received forty acres. Americans acted as if the Dawes Act was an uplifting humanitarian reform,but it messed with Native lifestyles and left Native nations without sovereignty over their lands. The actclaimed that to protect Native property rights, but it actually led to "the protection of the laws of the UnitedStates... over the Indians." This took away from Native rights. Americans also experienced the "Wild West"-the mythical West imagined in so many dime novels-byattending traveling Wild West shows, arguably the unofficial national entertainment of the United Statesfrom the 1880s to the 1910s. Wildly popular across the country, the shows traveled throughout the easternUnited States and even across Europe and showcased what was already a mythic frontier life. "Buffalo Bill"Cody was the first to recognize the broad national appeal of the stock "characters" of the AmericanWest-cowboys, "Indians," sharpshooters, cavalrymen, and rangers-and put them all together into asingle massive traveling extravaganza. He employed real cowboys and Native Americans in his productions.But it was still, of course, a show. Storylines depicted westward migration, life on the Plains, andIndigenous attacks, all punctuated by "cowboy fun": bucking broncos, roping cattle, and sharpshootingcontests.COL.W.F.CODYKATALI AM COMINGWilliam Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody helped commercialize the cowboy lifestyle, building a mythology around lifein the Old West that produced big bucks for men like Cody. Courier Lithography Company, "Buffalo Bill' Cody,"1900. Wikimedia.

Question

Based on the document, what are some things you notice ? Native Americans long dominated the vastness of the American West. Linked culturally and geographicallyby trade, travel, and warfare, various Indigenous groups controlled most of the continent west of theMississippi River deep into the nineteenth century. Spanish, French, British, and later American tradershad integrated themselves into many regional economies, and American emigrants pushed ever westward.The West was becoming more industrialized and laid down rails and pushed its ever-expanding populationever farther west.Indigenous Americans have lived in North America for overten millennia and, into the late nineteenth century,perhaps as many as 250,000 Native people still inhabitedthe American West. But then unending waves of Americansettlers, the American military, and the unstoppableonrush of American capital conquered all. Often inviolation of its own treaties, the United States removedNative groups to ever-shrinking reservations,incorporated the West first as territories and then asstates, and, for the first time in its history, controlled theenormity of land between the two oceans.The history of the late-nineteenth-century West is not asimple story. What some touted as a triumph-the westward expansion of American authority-was forothers a tragedy. The West contained many peoples and many places, and their intertwined historiesmarked a pivotal transformation in the history of the United States.Religious revival led to a slew of social movements while slavery expanded. Industrialization occurredpredominantly in northern cities, while southern states held onto their plantations. Cotton was the majorcash crop of the 1800's, and it was apparent that major changes were being made in the nation.In 1862, northerners in Congress passed the Homestead Act, which allowed male citizens (or those whodeclared their intent to become citizens) to claim federally owned lands in the West. Settlers could headwest, choose a 160-acre surveyed section of land, file a claim, and begin &#34;improving&#34; the land by plowingfields, building houses and barns, or digging wells, and, after five years of living on the land, could apply forthe official title deed to the land. Hundreds of thousands of Americans used the Homestead Act to acquireland. The treeless plains that had been considered unfit for settlement became the new agricultural meccafor land-hungry Americans.The Homestead Act excluded married women from filing claims because they were considered the legaldependents of their husbands. Some unmarried women filed claims on their own, but single farmers (maleor female) were hard-pressed to run a farm and they were a small minority. Most farm households adoptedtraditional divisions of labor: men worked in the fields and women managed the home and kept the familyfed. Both were essential.The railroads boomed. In 1850, there were 9,000 miles of railroads in the United States. In 1900 there were190,000, including several transcontinental lines. To manage these vast networks of freight and passengerlines, companies converged rails at hub cities. Railroads brought cattle from Texas to Chicago for slaughter,where they were then processed into packaged meats and shipped by refrigerated rail to New York City andother eastern cities. Such hubs became the central nodes in a rapid-transit economy that increasinglyspread across the entire continent linking goods and people together in a new national network.Railroads created the market for ranching, and for the few years after the war that railroads connectedeastern markets with important market hubs such as Chicago, but had yet to reach Texas ranchlands,ranchers began driving cattle north, out of the Lone Star state, to major railroad terminuses in Kansas,Missouri, and Nebraska. Ranching was just one of many western industries that depended on the railroads.By linking the Plains with national markets and rapidly moving people and goods, the railroads made themodern American West.As the rails moved into the West, and more and more Americans followed, the situation for Native groupsdeteriorated even further. Treaties negotiated between the United States and Native groups had typicallypromised that if tribes agreed to move to specific reservation lands, they would hold those landscollectively. But as American westward migration mounted and open lands closed, white settlers began toargue that Native people had more than their fair share of land, that the reservations were too big, thatNative people were using the land &#34;inefficiently,&#34; and that they still preferred nomadic hunting instead ofintensive farming and ranching.By the 1880s, Americans increasingly championed legislation to allow the transfer of Indigenous lands tofarmers and ranchers, while many argued that allotting land to individual Native Americans, rather than totribes, would encourage American-style agriculture and finally put Indigenous peoples who had previouslyresisted the efforts of missionaries and federal officials on the path to &#34;civilization.&#34;Passed by Congress on February 8, 1887, the Dawes General Allotment Act splintered Native Americanreservations into individual family homesteads. Each head of a Native family was to be allotted 160 acres,the typical size of a claim that any settler could establish on federal lands under the provisions of theHomestead Act. Single individuals over age eighteen would receive an eighty-acre allotment, and orphanedchildren received forty acres. Americans acted as if the Dawes Act was an uplifting humanitarian reform,but it messed with Native lifestyles and left Native nations without sovereignty over their lands. The actclaimed that to protect Native property rights, but it actually led to &#34;the protection of the laws of the UnitedStates... over the Indians.&#34; This took away from Native rights. Americans also experienced the &#34;Wild West&#34;-the mythical West imagined in so many dime novels-byattending traveling Wild West shows, arguably the unofficial national entertainment of the United Statesfrom the 1880s to the 1910s. Wildly popular across the country, the shows traveled throughout the easternUnited States and even across Europe and showcased what was already a mythic frontier life. &#34;Buffalo Bill&#34;Cody was the first to recognize the broad national appeal of the stock &#34;characters&#34; of the AmericanWest-cowboys, &#34;Indians,&#34; sharpshooters, cavalrymen, and rangers-and put them all together into asingle massive traveling extravaganza. He employed real cowboys and Native Americans in his productions.But it was still, of course, a show. Storylines depicted westward migration, life on the Plains, andIndigenous attacks, all punctuated by &#34;cowboy fun&#34;: bucking broncos, roping cattle, and sharpshootingcontests.COL.W.F.CODYKATALI AM COMINGWilliam Frederick &#34;Buffalo Bill&#34; Cody helped commercialize the cowboy lifestyle, building a mythology around lifein the Old West that produced big bucks for men like Cody. Courier Lithography Company, &#34;Buffalo Bill' Cody,&#34;1900. Wikimedia.

Accepted Answer

The Native Americans are an integral aspect of the history of the United States. The 19th century…