Part A: Antibiotic resistance is a major health concern. Resistance to various antibiotics can be transferred by all options. transduction. conjugation. transformation. Part B: Movement of genetic information through transduction requires that free DNA is available in the environment. physical contact occurs between cells. transposable elements occur in a chromosome. viruses have infected a cell.

Part A: Antibiotic resistance is a major health concern. Resistance to various antibiotics can be transferred by all options. transduction. conjugation. transformation. Part B: Movement of genetic information through transduction requires that free DNA is available in the environment. physical contact occurs between cells. transposable elements occur in a chromosome. viruses have infected a cell.

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter8: The Structure, Replication, And Chromosomal Organization Of Dna

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 3QP

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Part 1. Transduction is a form of horizontal gene transfer that involves viral infections. random mutation. physical contact between cells. acquisition of DNA from the environment. Part 2: Transformation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer that requires a virus to infect a cell. requires physical contact. transfers genetic information from parents to offspring. requires DNA to be present in the environment.
Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis Antibiotics are molecules produced by microorganisms as defense mechanisms. The most effective antibiotics work by interfering with essential biochemical or reproductive processes. Many antibiotics block or disrupt one or more stages in protein synthesis. Some of these are mentioned here. Tetracyclines are a family of chemically related compounds used to treat several types of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines interfere with the initiation of translation. The tetracycline molecule attaches to the small ribosomal subunit and prevents binding of the tRNA anticodon during initiation. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are sensitive to the action of tetracycline, but this antibiotic cannot pass through the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Because tetracycline can enter bacterial cells to inhibit protein synthesis, it will stop bacterial growth, helping the immune system fight the infection. Streptomycin is used in hospitals to treat serious bacterial infections. It binds to the small ribosomal subunit but does not prevent initiation or elongation; however, it does affect the efficiency of protein synthesis. Binding of streptomycin changes the way mRNA codons interact with the tRNA. As a result, incorrect amino acids are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain, producing nonfunctional proteins. In addition, streptomycin causes the ribosome to randomly fall off the mRNA, preventing the synthesis of complete proteins. Puromycin is not used clinically but has played an important role in studying the mechanism of protein synthesis in the research laboratory. The puromycin molecule is the same size and shape as a tRNA/amino acid complex. When puromycin enters the ribosome, it can be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain, stopping further synthesis because no peptide bond can be formed between puromycin and an amino acid, causing the shortened polypeptide to fall off the ribosome. Chloramphenicol was one of the first broadspectrum antibiotics introduced. Eukaryotic cells are resistant to its actions, and it was widely used to treat bacterial infections. However, its use is limited to external applications and serious infections. Chloramphenicol destroys cells in the bone marrow, the source of all blood cells. In bacteria, this antibiotic binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the formation of peptide bonds. Another antibiotic, erythromycin, also binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the movement of ribosomes along the mRNA. Almost every step of protein synthesis can be inhibited by one antibiotic or another. Work on designing new synthetic antibiotics to fight infections is based on our knowledge of how the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein. Questions Why is targeting protein synthesis an effective strategy for preventing infection?
Taq polymerase: is produced in viruses and bacteria. is denatured at temperatures above the normal human body temperature. is useful in catalyzing the polymerase chain reaction. can break down the sludge in oil refinery tanks. can reduce the mineral deposits from rusting pipes.
Conjugation differs from other means of horizontal gene transfer between bacteria cells because conjugation requires cell division. a bacteriophage virus. physical contact between the bacteria cells by a pili. heat-killed cells to release their DNA. DNA replication.
Suppose that a chemical causes changes in DNA sequence. This chemical would be classified as a mutant. a mutagen. spontaneous. a drug. an antibiotic.
Plasmids: contain genes needed by the cell for everyday function. confer new, non-essential capabilities to a bacterial cell. occur one to a cell. lack an Origin of Replication.
A patient has a Haemophilus influenzae respiratory infection. She is prescribed Amoxicillin. Unfortunately, this strain of H. influenzae has resistance to this antibiotic. Her symptoms worsen. When she again visits the doctor, a nasty Amoxicillin resistant Streptococcus is isolated from her nasal passages. What is the most likely explanation? transduction. conjugation. transformation. none of the above
. When a virus mistakenly picks up a segment of host bacterial DNA, packages it into a viral particle, then transfers it to a new bacterial host cell, this transfer of DNA is properly called: transduction transformation conjugation transversion transition
When DNA is being copied and a mistake is made while copying a gene, all of the following can result except: -The same protein that was originally supposed to be made is still made -A different protein can be made and will function differently -A non-functional protein can be made -Two proteins can be made
Which of the following statements can be said about the enzyme telomerase? Select all the answers that apply. It removes RNA primers. It is highly expressed in cancer cells. It extends the length of telomeres. It exhibits reverse transcriptase activity. It shortens the ends of chromosomes.
Viruses display many of the characteristics of living organisms. In particular, they reproduce, creating new virus particles. During reproduction, viruses make copies of their genetic material, and some of the copies contain mutations that are beneﬁcial to the virus. For example, HIV (human immunodeﬁciency virus), the virus that causes the disease AIDS (acquired immunodeﬁciency syndrome) mutates so often that its surface proteins change faster than we can develop antiviral drugs. New drug-resistant strains of HIV are appearing constantly. However, viruses can reproduce only after entering a living cell of an organism, because viruses hijack the cell’s machinery and use it to produce new viruses. Where does that combination of characteristics place viruses on the scale of nonlife to life? Are viruses living organisms? Nonliving? If neither of those categories ﬁts the properties of viruses, how should they be classiﬁed?
Which of the following contribute to introducing genetic change into genomes? (select all the apply) -Errors in DNA repair resulting in translocations of DNA sequence between chromosomes - Movement of transposons -Transcription into RNA results in point mutations - Translation results in deletion of introns - Random errors when DNA is copied (replicated)