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- A neuron responds to adequate stimulation with _______, a type of self-propagating signal.A common membrane-bound intermediary between the receptor and the effector protein within the plasma membrane is the __________________.The correlation between neurons can explain the basis of the synaptic modification, that is, how much they can connect to each other or if they are not synchronized, how much they can lose or weaken their connections. Draw a picture of an excitatory synapse such as glutamatergic with its receptors between the pre- and postsynaptic neuron.
- list at least eight ways in which the effectiveness of synapses may be altered and explain each pointBesides the standard post- and pre-synapse that exchange information, non neuronal cell types also play a role in synaptic transmission. One of those are called astrocytes and can form a tripartite synapse. Explain the roles of astrocytes in synaptic transmission.At a synapse, opening one sodium channel (for the normal duration before closing) causes a small depolarization. Opening a handful of sodium channels may cause a larger depolarization. Opening more channels may lead to an even larger depolarization, up to a point. Then the depolarization would be the same regardless of how many other sodium channels opened. Explain why the number of open channels increases the depolarization, and why it doesn’t matter beyond a certain point.
- Contrast the postsynaptic mechanisms of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. give the idea behind and contrast the twoDescribe at least 2 processes at the synapse that shift the effect of an action potential of a pre synaptic cell on the response of a post synaptic cell.What type of synaptic potential (if any; be sure to indicate if any modification is occurring as well) would occur if: a.) An MAO inhibitor type of antidepressant is functioning at an active dopaminergic synapse that increases the rate of sodium flowing into the cell. b.) Prozac is present at an active serotonin synapse where receptor activation increases the flow of potassium out of the cell.
- apucreceptors ava ble at the synapse are reflected in this number. Question 2: In this chapter, we discussed a GABA-gated ion channel that is permeable to Cl. GABA also activates a G-protein-coupled receptor called the GABA receptor, which causes potassium-selective B channels to open. What effect would GABAB receptor activation have on the membrane potential? GABAB receptor activation causes potassium-selective channels to open. As a result this bringhs theShort-term memory, like remembering a phone number, is stored as a Long Term Potentiation (LTP) of the synapse. Describe what has changed at the synapse when it has undergone LTP.Parkinson's Disease Parkinson's disease is neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement. Most people affected with Parkinson's disease demonstrate rigidity, slow movement, and shaking. The symptoms of Parkinson's disease occur when the cells that produce dopamine neurotransmitters die in the brain. Explain how the signal transmission at a synapse in an individual with Parkinson's disease is different than an unaffected individual. Describe the normal process of signal transmission at a synapse. Start with the arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal and include the name of the neurotransmitter that is affected by Parkinson's disease. Explain how the process is different in individuals affected with Parkinson's disease.