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- 2. Sickle cell disease is caused by a recessive allele. Individuals with two recessive alleles usually die of sickle cell disease before reaching reproductive age. However, individuals with only one recessive allele show few of the symptoms of the disease. The frequency of the sickle cell gene seems to be highest in populations of central Africa, a region where malaria is common. a) Do heterozygous individuals have a survival advantage over homozygous individuals in this region? Why? b) Do you think the frequency of the sickle cell allele is higher or lower in Canada as compared to Africa? Explain your answer fully.1. What roles do natural selection and sexual selection play in the evolution of a new virus species? Give an example of this found in nature. 2. List the criteria for the Hardy-Weinberg Equation. Use the Hardy-Weinberg Equation to predict the allele frequency for a population of flowers where p = 0.7 and q = 0.3 3. Explain how natural selection and environmental conditions inside the host could lead to virus speciation.2. Describe the effect of the mutation that created the Hbs allele on the amino acid sequence of the beta globin polypeptide chain: effect of mutation on codon, which amino acid was changed (#amino acids from beginning of chain), what was the amino acid change (from which amino acid to which amino acid?) bmutation in the beta-globin chain affects the hemoglobin component. The
- 1.) Scientists use PCR to check three calves born to the same cow for a gene sequence from hemoglobin. The sequence is unique to one of the three bulls (bull A, as opposed to bulls B and C) with which the cow has run during mating season. Connect the calves with their fathers as much as possible. Calf Has sequence? 1 No 2 No 3 Yes6. Researchers divided 100 mice, with identical heredity composition that make them susceptible to coronary artery disease, into two groups. Group A ate standard rodent chow and Group B ate low-fat rodent chow for 120 days. What would you conclude if 45 out of 50 mice in group A show coronary artery disease and 45 out of 50 mice in group B show coronary artery disease? What was the control group? and Why a control is necessary? Rubric (1)2. Does SARS-CoV-2 conform to the central dogma of molecular biology that was coined by Francis Crick? 3. Retroviruses, like the HIV, contain an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. Explain the flow of genetic information in HIV. 4. COVID-19 vaccines such as Moderna (MRNA-1273) and Pfizer (BNT16262) make use of mRNA that produces SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Would the effectiveness of these vaccines be affected by the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutated spike protein?
- 7. Red blood cells can possess a surface antigen called the Rhesus (Rh) factor. Rh+ (presence of the factor) is dominant over Rh¯ (absence). A village of population 400 was sampled and the frequency of the allele coding for Rht was found to be 0.356. a) Determine the number of individuals in the village who will be Rh b) Determine the probability of being heterozygous2. Recall that Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was one of the first to study the idea of evolution systematically (p. 450 of our text) and proposed the idea of inheritance by acquired characteristics, where individuals develop phenotypes in response to environmental changes. Could it not be claimed that Lamarck was correct in his thinking with regards to our immune system? Provide one example where our immune system supports his acquired characteristics idea and one reason that it does not.1. Imagine a gene that causes a rare recessive disease in the mangrove killifish, with the normal allele (A,) very common and the recessive allele (A2) very uncommon (the frequency of A2 = 0.01, and there are only two alleles). са
- 1. How would you determine whether a disease in humans is simply polygenic (genes from your parents) or has an environmental influence? 2. If identical twins have exactly the same genetic makeup, why are there any differences at all between them? Please write at least 6 sentences for each question.The method of applying the molecular clock to determine the timing of the most recent common ancestor of HIV to 1930 was used to.... O 1. Test the hypothesis that HIV jumped from a bat population into humans 2. Test whether HIV was circulating in the human population at the same time as the Spanish Flu influenza A virus O 3. Calculate the divergence time between HIV-1 and HIV-2 O 4. Test whether HIV was spread through a contaminated polio vaccine in the 1950s O 5. Estimate the rate of evolution for all human retroviruses4. In a region of Africa, where malaria is prevalent, 40% of the population are found to have sickle-cell anemia. The disease is caused by an abnormal hemoglobin that is found in both homozygotes (S2S2) and heterozygotes (S1S2). Many homozygotes (S2S2) suffer from anemia and often die. Heterozygotes (S1S2) incur a much less debilitating malady called "sickling trait". Approximately 3% of the people with abnormal hemoglobin are homozygotes (1.2\% of the entire population). The fitness of the S2S2 homozygotes is only 1/4 that of the heterozygotes. Where malaria is prevalent, heterozygotes exhibit overdominance with respect to fitness. If we assume that the above population is at an equilibrium frequency for the allele causing sickle-cell anemia (S2), calculate the relative fitness of the S1S1 homozygotes (which have normal hemoglobin).