Consider an individual who has Dollars to invest in two risky assets. The means and variances of the two rates of return are given by: µ₁ < µ2 and 0² < o². In other words, asset 1 is less risky. Show that the minimum variance his portfolio may achieve is lower than what it would be if he invests all his money in asset 1.
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- 2. Three agents are characterized by the following utility functions: Al: 4,(x)= In(x) A2: и,(х) %3D 10х ? АЗ: и, (х) %— 2* +1 a) Calculate the expected rate of return and risk for the following assets: x, = (4,2 2,6/0,48 0,52) x, = (1,7 3,5/0,27 0,73) b) What asset will the agents with the previous utility functions choose?Consider an investor with initial wealth yo, who maximizes his expected utility from final wealth, E[u()]. This investor can invest in two a risky securities, 1 and 2, with random return ři and ř2. Those risky returns are two binomial variables, perfectly correlated. More specifically, with probability p we have ř =r and r, = r+ô, and with probability 1- p we have î = 0 and ř2 = -6, where r> 0 and ổ > 0. We assume that this investor has log preferences, that is u(y) = log(y). 1. For a given fraction, a, of the initial wealth, invested in risky security 2, what is the distribution of final wealth, g1? 2. Determine the expression of Elu(1)] as a function of a. 3. Explain why there is an upper bound and a lower bound for a, and determine those bounds. 4. Determine the optimal fraction a*. 5. When p = 0.5, describe qualitatively the optimal investment strategy. Does it make sense?Two stocks are available. The corresponding expectedrates of return are r¯1 and r¯2; the corresponding variances and covariances areσ12, σ22, and σ12. What percentages of total investment should be invested ineach of the two stocks to minimize the total variance of the rate of return ofthe resulting portfolio? What is the mean rate of return of this portfolio?
- Scenario 4: Suppose an individual is considering an investment in which there are exactly three possible outcomes, whose probabilities and payoffs are given below: Outcome Payoffs $100 Probability A. 0.3 ? 50 0.2 The expected value of the investment is $25. Although all the information is correct, information is missing. Refer to Scenario 4. What is the probability of outcome B? O A. 0.2 O B. 0 - 0.5 O D. 0.5 O E. 0.4Suppose an asset has a return of $416 with probability of 85% and a return of $980 with probability 15%. What is the expected return (i.e. expected value) of the asset? а. b. If a risk averse person were given a choice between the above gamble and $400 guaranteed, which one would they pick?Suppose that the consumer is asked to contemplate a gamble with a probability of 60% of winning Birr 10,000 with a utility of 10 utils, and a 40% probability of winning Birr 15,000 with a utility of 12 utils. A. What will be the expected income and expected utility of the consumer? B. If the utility of this consumer from a risk free alternative which gives him an income equal to the expected income of the risky alternative given above is equal to 11 utils, is this consumer risk lover or risk averse? Why? Illustrate your answer with the help of a diagram
- Consider the following portfolio choice problem. The investor has initial wealth w andutility u(x) = (x^n) /n. There is a safe asset (such as a US government bond) that has netreal return of zero. There is also a risky asset with a random net return that has onlytwo possible returns, R1 with probability 1 − q and R0 with probability q. We assumeR1 < 0, R0 > 0. Let A be the amount invested in the risky asset, so that w − A isinvested in the safe asset.1) What are risk preferences of this investor, are they risk-averse, riskneutral or risk-loving?2) Find A as a function of w.a) Explain what is meant by risk aversion, and illustrate with the help of a figure out what we mean by the term "risk premium". Suppose Donald runs hotels and casinos, which makes one very insecure income. With probability 1 the income becomes 100 and with probability 1 the 64th Donald's expected income is thus equal to 82. Further assume that the utility to Donald is a a function of income, and that it is given by U (x) = 2x 12 x is the income level. b) Calculate Donald's expected utility.A risk-averse expected-utility maximizer has initial wealth w0 and utility function u. She facesa risk of a financial loss of L dollars, which occurs with probability π. An insurance companyoffers to sell a policy that costs p dollars per dollar of coverage (per dollar paid back in theevent of a loss). Denote by x the number of dollars of coverage.(a) Give the formula for her expected utility V (x) as a function of x.(b) Suppose that u(z) = −e−zλ, π = 1/4, L = 100 and p = 1/3. Write V (x)using these values. There should be three variables, x, λ and w. Find the optimal value of x,as a function of λ and w, by solving the first-order condition (set the derivative of the expectedutility with respect to x equal to zero). (The second-order condition for this problem holds butyou do not need to check it.) Does the optimal amount of coverage increase or decrease in λ,where λ > 0?(c) Repeat exercise (b), but with p = 1/6.(d) You should find that for either (b) or (c), the optimal coverage…
- ANSWER E PLEASE ONLY Consider the following portfolio choice problem. The investor has initial wealth w andutility u(x) = (x^n) / n. There is a safe asset (such as a US government bond) that has netreal return of zero. There is also a risky asset with a random net return that has onlytwo possible returns, R1 with probability 1 − q and R0 with probability q. We assumeR1 < 0, R0 > 0. Let A be the amount invested in the risky asset, so that w − A isinvested in the safe asset.a) What are risk preferences of this investor, are they risk-averse, riskneutral or risk-loving?b) Find A as a function of w. c) Does the investor put more or less of his portfolio into the risky assetas his wealth increases? d) Now find the share of wealth, α, invested in the risky asset. How doesα change with wealth? e) Calculate relative risk aversion for this investor. How does relativerisk aversion depend on wealth?Suppose Grace and Lisa are to go to dinner. Lisa is visiting Grace from outof town, and they are to meet at a local restaurant. When Lisa lived in town,they had two favorite restaurants: Bel Loc Diner and the Corner Stable. Ofcourse, Lisa’s information is out of date, but Grace knows which is betterthese days. Assume that the probability that the Bel Loc Diner is better isp > 1/2 and the probability that the Corner Stable is better is 1 - p. Naturedetermines which restaurant Grace thinks is better. Grace then sends amessage to Lisa, either “Let’s go to the Bel Loc Diner,” “Let’s go to theCorner Stable,” or “I don’t know [which is better].” Lisa receives the message, and then Grace and Lisa simultaneously decide which restaurant to go to. Payoffs are such that Grace and Lisa want to go to the same restaurant, but they prefer it to be the one that Grace thinks is better. More specifically, if, in fact, the Bel Loc Diner is better, then the payoffs from theiractions are as shown in the…2. Kier, in The scenario, wants to determine how each of the 3 companies will decide on possible new investments. He was able to determine the new investment pay off for each of the three choices as well as the probability of the two types of market. If a company will launch product 1, it will gain 50,000 if the market is successful and lose 50,000 if the market is a failure. If a company will launch product 2, it will gain 25,000 if the market is successful and lose 25,000 if the market will fail. If a company decides not to launch any of the product, it will not be affected whether the market will succeed or fail. There is a 56% probability that the market will succeed and 44% probability that the market will fail. What will be the companies decision based on EMV? What is the decision of each company based on expected utility value?