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- If a microprocessor has a cycle time of 0.5 nanoseconds, what’s the processor clock rate? If the fetch cycle is 40% of the processor cycle time, what memory access speed is required to implement load operations with zero wait states and load operations with two wait states?_____ is a CPU design technique in which instruction execution is divided into multiple stages and different instructions can execute in different stages simultaneously.Consider a hypothetical microprocessor generating a 16-bit address (for example, as- sume that the program counter and the address registers are 16 bits wide) and having a 16-bit data bus. a. What is the maximum memory address space that the processor can access directly if it is connected to a "16-bit memory"? b. What is the maximum memory address space that the processor can access directly if it is connected to an "8-bit memory"? c. What architectural features will allow this microprocessor to access a separate "I/O space"?
- Consider a hypothetical microprocessor generating a 16-bit address (for example, assume that the program counter and the address registers are 16 bits wide) and having a 16-bit data bus. a. What is the maximum memory address space that the processor can access directly if it is connected to a "16-bit memory"? b. What is the maximum memory address space that the processor can access directly if it is connected to an "8-bit memory"? c. What architectural features will allow this microprocessor to access a separate "I/O space"? d. If an input and an output instruction can specify an 8-bit I/O port number, how many 8-bit I/O ports can the microprocessor support? How many 16-bit I/O ports? Explain.Consider a memory implemented for 8086 microprocessor Draw the memory block diagram. Determine the values for A0 , /BHE ,address lines(A1..A19) and data lines(D0.. D15) in order to access: A byte at odd address [01FF3H] A byte at even address [01FFCH] A word at even address [01FFEH] A word at odd address [01ABFH]Consider a word-addressable computer with 32 bits per word. The instruction set consists of 30 different All instructions have an operation code field, a mode field to specify one of 7 possible addressing modes, a register address field to specify one of 60 available registers, and a memory address field. Each instruction is stored in one word of memory. What is the maximum allowable size for memory? Use KB, MB, or GB as a unit.
- Consider a hypothetical 32-bit microprocessor having 32-bit instructions composed of two fields. The first byte contains the opcode and the remainder an immediate operand or an operand address. a. What is the maximum directly addressable memory capacity (in bytes)? b. Discuss the impact on the system speed if the microprocessor bus has 1. a 32-bit local address bus and a 16-bit local data bus, or 2. a 16-bit local address bus and a 16-bit local data bus. c. How many bits are needed for the program counter and the instruction register?The memory unit of a computer has 256K words of 32 bits each. The computer has an instruction format with 4 fields: an opcode field; a mode field to specify 1 of 7 addressing modes; a register address field to specify one of 60 registers; and a memory address field. Assume an instruction is 32 bits long. Answer the following:a. How large must the mode field be?b. How large must the register field be?c. How large must the address field be?d. How large is the opcode field?Consider a hypothetical 32-bit microprocessor having 32-bit instructions composed of two fields: the first byte contains the opcode and the remainder the immediate oper- and or an operand address. a. What is the maximum directly addressable memory capacity (in bytes)? b. Discuss the impact on the system speed if the microprocessor bus has 1. a 32-bit local address bus and a 16-bit local data bus, or 2. a 16-bit local address bus and a 16-bit local data bus. c. How many bits are needed for the program counter and the instruction register?
- Suppose that you have a computer with a memory unit of 24 bits per word. In this computer, the assembly program's instruction set consists of 198 different operations. All instructions have an operation code part (opcode) and an address part (allowing for only one address). Each instruction is stored in one word of memory. a. How many bits are needed for the opcode? b. How many bits are left for the address part of the instruction? c. How many additional instructions could be added to this instruction set without exceeding the assigned number of bits? Discuss and show your calculations.b) Consider a hypothetical microprocessor having instructions composed of two fields: the first 4-bit contains the opcode and the remaining 12-bit contains the operand address. Given the content of memory listed as follows:- Program Counter: 250 Value stored in memory location 160: 246016 Value stored in memory location 162:00AA16 Value stored in memory location 250: 1160 (Load) Value stored in memory location 252: 2162 (Add) Value stored in memory location 254: 3160 (Subtract) Value stored in memory location 256: 5162 (Store) Show and examine the changes of the contents for Instruction Registers (IR), Program Counter (PC), Memory Address Register (MAR), Memory Data Register (MDR) and Accumulator (A) respectively during the execution of the following instructions:- (i) Instruction at memory location 252 (First Instruction: Add) (ii) Instruction at memory location 254 (Second instruction: Subtract) (iii) Instruction at memory location 256 (Third instruction: Store)Consider a hypothetical 23-bit processor called HYP23 with all registers, including PC and SP, being 23 bits long. The smallest addressable unit in memory is an 8-bit byte B. Assume that first quarter of the address space (starts at the address 0x00000) is dedicated to HYP23’s RAM memory and the upper half of the address space is reserved for HYP23’s Flash memory. Give address ranges for the RAM and Flash memories. Fill in the table below. What are the sizes of the RAM memory and the Flash memory? Start Byte Address End Byte Address RAM memory Flash memory RAM memory size [Bytes/KiB]:____________________________Flash memory size [bytes/KiB]:____________________________