Design a 4th order lowpass filter using Butterworth approximation with a cut-off corner frequency of 45Hz. Table 4.1 shows the Butterworth response value. (Assume that all the capacitances are 0.3μF, you can choose your own suitable resistance value calculation) RAI ORDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 RB1 www ROLL-OFF DB/DECADE -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 - 120 CB1 CAL 2 poles POLES 1 2 2 2 2 2 1ST STAGE DF Optional 1.414 1.00 1.848 1.00 1.932 www www R₁ R₂ RA2 Figure 4.1 R₁/R₂ POLES 0.586 1 0.152 1 0.068 1 2 2 2 Table 4.1 RB2 www CA2 CB2 2 poles 2ND STAGE 1.00 0.765 1.618 1.414 DF R3/R4 1 1.235 0.382 0.586 POLES 1 2 www R3 R4 3RD STAGE DF R5/R6 0.618 1.382 0.518 1.482

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Filter

A filter is a device or process which removes some of the unwanted features or components like frequencies from a signal in signal processing. The feature of filters is the complete or partial suppression of some part of the signal, and filtering is a class of signal processing. This most often means removing some frequency bands or some frequencies. In the frequency domain, the filters do not exclusively act, especially in the image processing field many other targets for filtering exist. Without having to act in the frequency domain, the correlations can be removed for certain frequency components and not for others. The filters are widely used in electronics and telecommunication, in television, radio, radar, audio recording, music synthesis, control systems, computer graphics, and image processing.