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- Draw and label the parts of frog neurulation stages as seen in x.s. and w.m. preparations.
Stage | x.s. | w.m. |
Neural plate |
|
|
Neural fold |
|
|
Neural tube |
|
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- Describe the process of Neurulation, formation of neural crest & placodes, and the derivatives and importance of those.Label the early development stages shown in the following diagram.In neurulation, what cell types are involved? What morphogens are present (and antagonists)? What transcription factors are there? What tissues/tissue types are there? What are the signaling pathways used and how do each function? What's the end goal, and what is the response in development? Draw a labeled diagram or detailed flow chart of neurulation in embryos to show this.(FYI, this is one practice question. No grading involved.)
- What critical developmental process/es are altered following retinoic acid-exposure, which may cause protrusion of the spinal cord through the vertebral arches? Select one or more: O A. Primary neurulation, where the neural plate creases inward until the edges come in contact and fuse. O B. Secondary neurulation, where the tube forms by hollowing out of the interior of a solid precursor. O C. Regulation of neural crest migration from the neural tube to generate segmental ganglia. O D. Abnormal somite formation affecting the development of muscles of the back.IN AN OUTLINE FORM, describe briefly the phases of neurulation. Mention some signaling molecules, genes, morphogenetic factors, and other factors, intrinsic/extrinsic factors responsible for each phase. NOTE: Make sure the answer is in OUTLINE FORM. SUBJECT: Developmental Biology.Choose all of the correct statements about the formation and role of somites during development. Somites are formed when the notochord signals adjacent mesoderm cells Somites are ectoderm cells, so they will form teeth, jaws, and skin Somites signal adjacent cells to form ossification centers, which eventually grow bone to form vertebrae and ribs O Somites will directly turn into the neural tube (spinal cord)
- Identify 3 effects of progesterone on pregnancy. Select one or more: O a. This causes the uterus to remain contracted after delivery to reduce blood loss from the placental site O b. This is produced when the ovarian follicle that encloses the developing egg forms a structure called the corpus luteum O c. This decreases bladder tone leading to an increased risk of urinary infection O d. This prepares the body for pregnancy. It acts as an appetite stimulant Identify 1 effect of the hormone vasopressin in pregnancy. Select one: O a. This has an important compensatory mechanism for restoring blood pressure in hypovolaemic shock such as that which occurs during haemorrhage O b. Promotes the maintenance of the corpus luteum at the beginning of pregnancy O C. Involved in thickening of the endometrium and other aspects of regulating the menstrual cycleThere are 6 major events in fertilization. Discuss the process of fertilization or conception, with emphasis on the sperm-egg interaction. Proteins on the sperm plasma membrane bind to ZP3 molecules within the zona pellucida of the egg. Why is this event important? Zona binding triggers the acrosome reaction, in which the sperm plasma membrane fuses with the outer acrosomal membrane, causing exocytosis of acrosomal contents. What is in the "acrosomal content"? Acrosomal enzymes begin to dissolve a hole in the zona pellucida. This enzymatic degradation, accompanied by rapid sperm tail beating, moves the sperm through the zona. Where does the sperm intend to reach?Explain the chromosomal and genetic control of sex determination in mammals. Clearly establish the difference between the primary and the secondary phases.
- what causes activation of certain genes before fertilization? Please answer asap and in short and content should not be palgarised please. Draw and label parts of whole mount of chick embrogenesis specimens of the following stages: Primitive Streak Head formation Flexion and Torsion: Stage 13 Flexion and Torsion: Stage 16 Early Somite: Stage 7 Early somite: Stage 10 Limb-bud: Stage 19 Limb-bud: Stage 21I. ILLUSTRATIONS A. Observe the frog ovary and take note of the following structures: theca interna, theca externa (10x), follicle cells, vitelline membrane, germinal vesicle, nucleolus, oocytes and oogonia (40x). Draw and label the above-mentioned parts.