Explain the main types of transmembrane movements. Which molecules can be transported through each and under what circumstances? Which mechanisms require energy?
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- Explain the main types of transmembrane movements. Which molecules can be transported through each and under what circumstances? Which mechanisms require energy?
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- Distinguish between simple diffusion (SD), facilitated diffusion (FD), and active transport (AT) across a membrane for the following questions. (a) Which processes are energy dependent? (b) Which processes need some kind of carrier protein(s)? (c) Which processes can be saturated by substrate? (d) Which processes can establish a concentration gradient? (e) How much energy does it take to transport an uncharged substrate in, if its starting inside concentration is 10-fold greater than outside?What key ATPase is important for maintaining this positive (outside) and negative (inside) transmembrane potential?What would happen in each of the following cases where something related to intracellular transport is altered? Assume in each case that the protein involved is a soluble protein, not a membrane protein. State where each protein would be located and explain each of your answers. You add a signal sequence (for the Golgi) to the N-terminal end of a normally cytosolic protein. You change the hydrophobic amino acids in an ER signal sequence into other, hydrophobic, amino acids.
- The three fundamental classes of proteins involved in transport across membranes are: i) channelsii) pumpsiii) exchangers For each class, describe its essential features, explain how transport is accomplished and name at least one representative example.Name the three groups into which membrane-associated proteins may be classified. Explain the mechanism by which each group associates with a biomembrane.Functional types of transmembrane proteins?
- Typically, there is an ion gradient between the cytoplasm and the interior of synaptic vesicles. The ion gradient has a functional role. Which of the following statements best describes the ion gradient across the synaptic vesicle membrane and its role? a.) There is a proton gradient across the synaptic vesicle membrane, and it provides the driving force for the transport of neurotransmitter into the vesicle. b.) There is a sodium gradient across the synaptic vesicle membrane, and it provides the driving force for the transport of neurotransmitter into the vesicle. c.) There is a proton gradient across the synaptic vesicle membrane, and it provides the driving force for the transport of neurotransmitter out of the vesicle. d.) There is a sodium gradient across the synaptic vesicle membrane, and it provides the driving force for the transport of neurotransmitter out of the vesicle.How are transmembrane potentials maintained in a leaky membrane?For each type of membrane transport, know the following:– Is a transporter protein required? If so, what type?– Is there an energy requirement, and if so, what is the energy source?– What is the relative rate of solute transport based on molecule type? On concentration gradient?– What are examples of the types of solutes transported by carriers and channels?
- Cells transporting substances across their membranes is essential. Choose TWO of the following types of cellular transport. ๏osmosis ๏active transport ๏facilitated diffusion ๏endocytosis / exocytosis (a)For each type of transport you choose, describe the transport process. Explain how the organization of cell membrane plays a role the movement of specific molecules across membrane. (b)Using the same transport types, identify a specific cell that utilizes that type of transit (i.e. one cell for each transport type, or two different cell examples), and detail a substance that is transferred. (c)A typical human lymphocyte has a radius of about 10 μm, while a typical bacterium (e.g., S. pneumoniae) has a radius of about 1 μm. Assuming that both cell types are perfectly spherical, compare and contrastthe transport mechanisms for each of these cells.1) You are studying a transport protein. It appears to bind temporarily to the molecule to be transported. During normal transport, no energy is expended. The addition of a particular molecule that closely resembles the normally transported molecule inhibits transport. An increase in the concentration of the normally transported molecule in the presence of a constant concentration of the inhibitor increases the rate of transport. What kind of transport is described? 2) What are peripheral membrane proteins?How long is a typical transmembrane domain, and what is the chemical composition of the amino acids found within the transmembrane domain of a single-spanning integral membrane protein? A~ 20 amino acids; hydrophobic amino acidsB~ 100 amino acids, amphipathic amino acidsC~ 10 amino acids; polar, charged amino acids D~ 50 amino acids, polar, uncharged amino acids