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FAK deficient mice form a lot of focal adhesions
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- Name conditions caused by abnormalities of vertical linkages and horizontal (lateral) linkages in RBC transmembrane and cytoskeletal proteins.Please help explain Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a receptor for cell entry of SARS-CoV-2, and recombinant soluble ACE2 protein inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection as a decoy. ACE2 is a carboxypeptidase that degrades angiotensin II, thereby improving the pathologies of cardi- ovascular disease or acute lung injury. Here we show that B38-CAP, an ACE2-like enzyme, is protective against SARS-CoV-2-induced lung injury. Endogenous ACE2 expression is downregulated in the lungs of SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters, leading to elevation of angiotensin II levels. Recombinant Spike also downregulates ACE2 expression and worsens the symptoms of acid-induced lung injury. B38-CAP does not neutralize cell entry of SARS- CoV-2. However, B38-CAP treatment improves the pathologies of Spike-augmented acid- induced lung injury. In SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters or human ACE2 transgenic mice, B38-CAP signi!cantly improves lung edema and pathologies of lung injury. These results provide the !rst in vivo…Calculate the specificity factor (a) of the interaction between the ACE2 protein and SARS-CoV-2 variant spike proteins at [ACE2] = 1 nM and 10nM. Show work pls
- describe SARS-CoV2 Spike ProteinBiologic agents can block cell migration to sites of inflammation and reduce immune responses. Natalizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed at the a4-integrin protein, a subunit of VLA-4, the binding partner of VCAM-1 expressed on endothelium in the central nervous system, and of a4b-integrin, the binding partner of MadCAM-1 expressed on endothelium in the gut. While natalizumab has had great success in alleviating the symptoms of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Crohn’s disease, a small number of patients have acquired life threatening infections of the neurotrophic virus, JC. Why are patients on natalizumab particularly susceptible to a virus infection of the central nervous system?You are growing up myoblasts, C2C12 cells, to use in a myogenic study. You are using T-150 flasks with a culture area of 150 cm2 and when confluent contains 2 x 107 cells. 2) You seed a culture of squamous epithelial cells at 8 am on Monday with 1.2 x 105 cells. The next day at 8 am you harvest the cells. You know from past studies that the generation time is 26 hours for this cell line. How many cells do you predict you should have on hand? A) 1.64 x 10^5 cells B) 4.56 x 10^3 cells C) 5.23 x 10^10 cells D) 1.75 x 10^8 cells E) None of these
- Give 5 storage conditions of human normal immunoglobulin injection and why?In the table below, T cell proliferation was measured after 4 days of incubation of T cells, APCs, +/- SEB. If one isolated the T cells at the end of the incubation for the six conditions in which robust proliferation was seen (Rows 2, 3, 5–8), and stained the T cells with each antibody (separately) from a panel of antibodies that recognize each of the mouse Vb domains (i.e., an antibody to Vb1, an antibody to Vb2, etc), what result would be expected?Poliovirus is highly cytopathic both in cultured cells and in animals. Inoculation of mice with poliovirus leads to a robust antibody and cellular response. Explain why mice infected with a poliovirus mutant that cannot cause cell death have poor antibody and cellular responses. What would be one strategy to restore robust antibody and cellular responses in mice infected with this mutant virus?
- TNF-alpha treatment of prostate carcinoma, LNCAP cells decreases cell survival as shown in the graph below. Which of the following would you observe in these cells treated with TNF- alpha? Select all that apply TNF-a 120 100 80 - 60 40 20 0. 24 72 (hrs) Control + TNF-a 100 ng TNFA 10 ng O Activation of extrinsic pathway of apoptosis O Activation of intrinsic pathway of apoptosis Activation of executioner caspases Recruitment of adapter protein FADD to the TNF-alpha receptor LNCAP cell viability (% of control)At any given time, intestinal crypts of mice com-prise about 15 stem cells and 10 Paneth cells. After celldivision, which occurs about once a day, the daughtercells remain stem cells only if they maintain contact with aPaneth cell. This constant competition for Paneth-cell con-tact raises the possibility that crypts might become mono-clonal over time; that is, the crypt cells at one point in timemight derive from only 1 of the 15 stem cells that existedat some earlier time. To test this possibility, you use theso-called confetti marker that upon activation expressesany one of three fluorescent proteins in the stem cells ofthe crypt. You then examine crypts at various times todetermine whether they contain cells with multiple colorsor only one color (Figure Q22–1). Do the crypts becomemonoclonal over time or not? How can you tell?Even single point mutations can have a significant effect on protein function. Describe how point mutations in the SARS-CoV2 spike protein might affect its function.