For items 10-15: A study was conducted to investigate the interactions between California sheephead, macroalgae, and urchins. The output path diagram of the study is given below: kelp stipe density O A. direct sheephead biomass O B. indirect O C. spurious O D. unanalyzed urchin density crustose coralline algae fleshy algal For items 11-15: Identify the type of effect component that exists between each pair of variables: 11. sheephead biomass to urchin density cover
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- The regional transit authority for a major metropolitan area wants to determine whether there is any relationship between the age of a bus and the annual maintenance cost. A sample of 10 buses resulted in the data in Worksheet 2. Worksheet 2 Age of a Bus (years) Maintenance Cost ($) 1 350 2 370 2 480 2 520 2 590 3 550 4 750 4 800 5 790 5 950 Develop a scatter diagram with the age of a bus as the independent variable. Develop the estimated regression equation that can be used to predict the maintenance cost given the age of a bus. Determine the coefficient of determination, and interpret its meaning in this problem. At the 0.05 level of significance, is there evidence of a linear relationship between the age of a bus and the annual maintenance cost.1. (Prob. 11-12, p. 438) An article in the Journal of Environmental Engineering (1989, Vol. 115(3), pp. 608–619) reported the results of a study on the occurrence of sodium and chloride in surface streams in central Rhode Island. The following data are chloride concentration y (in milligrams per liter) and roadway area in the watershed x (in percentage). y 4.4 6.6 9.7 10.6 10.8 10.9 0.19 0.15 0.57 0.70 0.67 0.63 y 11.8 12.1 14.3 14.7 15.0 17.3 0.47 0.70 0.60 0.78 0.81 0.78 y 19.2 23.1 27.4 27.7 31.8 39.5 0.69 1.30 1.05 1.06 1.74 1.62 a. Draw a scatter diagram of the data. Does a simple linear regression model seem appropriate here? b. Fit the simple linear regression model using the method of least squares. Find an estimate of o?. C. Estimate the mean chloride concentration for a watershed that has 1% roadway area. d. Find the fitted value corresponding to x = 0.47 and the associated residual.The following data represent the time between eruptions and the length of eruption for 8 randomly selected geyser eruptions. Complete parts (a) through (c) below. Click here to view a scatter plot of the data. Click here to view a residual plot of the data. (a) What type of relation appears to exist between time between eruptions and length of eruption? A. Linear, negative association B. Linear, positive association C. A nonlinear pattern. D. No association. (b) Does the residual plot confirm that the relation between time between eruptions and length of e A. Yes. The plot of the residuals shows no discernible pattern, so a linear model is appropriate B. No. The plot of the residuals shows that the spread of the residuals is increasing or decreas C. Yes. The plot of the residuals shows a discernible pattern, implying that the explanatory and D. No. The plot of the residuals shows no discernible pattern, implying that the explanatory and (c) The coefficient of determination is found to…
- 4. Medicinal value of plants. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae), a plant that typically grows at high altitudes in Europe and Asia, has been found to have medicinal value. The medicinal properties of berries collected from sea buckthorn were investigated in Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants (Aug. 2013). The following variables were measured for each plant sampled. Identify each as producing quantitative or qualitative data. Species of sea buckthorn (H. rhamnoides, H. gyantsensis, H. neurocarpa, H. tibetana, or H. salicifolia) Altitude of collection location (meters) Total flavonoid content in berries (milligrams per gram) а. b. с.3. It was known that a toxic material was dumped in a river leading into a large salt water commercial fishing area. Civil engineer studied the way the water carried the toxic material by measuring the amount of the material (in parts per million) found in oysters harvested at three different locations, ranging from the estuary out into the bay where the majority of commercial fishing was carried out. The resulting data are given below: Site Site Site 1 15 26 20 2 19 22 15 26 10 26 24 20 29 28 21 26 11 20 13 26 15 17 24 15 18 Test whether there is a significant difference in the average parts per million of toxic material found in oysters harvested at the three sites. Use a = 0.05.Given are five observations for two variables, X and Y. a. Choose the correct scatter diagram for these data: A b. What does the scatter diagram developed in part (a) indicate about the relationship between the two variables? There appears to be a NEGATIVE linear relationship between X and Y. c. Try to approximate the relationship between X and Y by drawing a straight line through the data. MANY DIFFERENT STRAIGHT LINES CAN BE DRAWN to provide a linear approximation of the relationship between X and Y. (NEED ANSWERS FOR D and E) d. Develop the estimated regression equation by computing the values of b0 and b1 using equations: (Enter negative values as negative figure) e. Use the estimated regression equation to predict the value of Y when x=20
- This problem does not require the use of data mining software and focuses on knowledge of concepts and basic calculations. Jay Gatsby categorizes wines into one of three clusters. The centroids of these clusters, describing the average characteristics of a wine in each cluster, are listed in the following table. Cluster 1 Characteristic Alcohol Malic Acid Ash Alkalinity Magnesium Phenols Flavonoids Color Intensity Hue 0.819 -0.329 0.248 Dilution Proline -0.677 0.643 Nonflavonoids Proanthocyanidins 0.619 0.135 0.825 0.896 -0.595 0.497 0.744 1.117 Cluster 2 0.164 0.869 0.186 0.523 -0.075 0.977 -1.212 0.724 -0.778 0.939 -1.162 -1.289 -0.406 Cluster 3 -0.937 -0.368 -0.393 0.249 -0.573 -0.034 0.083 0.009 0.010 -0.881 0.437 0.295 -0.776Use the following scenario to respond to questions 6 & 7: Ferulic acid is a compound that may play a role in disease resistance in corn. A botanist measured the concentration of soluble ferulic acid (nmol acid per gm tissue) in corn seedlings grown in the dark or in a light/dark photoperiod. The data are shown in the table below: Sample 1: Dark 92 117 88 91 107 109 100 101 87 87 Sample 2: Photoperiod 111 127 104 115 129 124 123 121 120 117 Use R to construct a 95% confidence interval for the difference in ferulic acid concentration under the two conditions. Assume the two populations from which the data came are normally distributed. (Round your final answer to 1 place after the decimal.) 95% confidence interval: (Engineers are interested in comparing the mean hydrogen production rates per day for three different heliostat sizes. From the past week’s records, the engineers obtained the amount of hydrogen produced per day for each of the three heliostat sizes. That they computed and compared the sample means, which showed that the mean production rate per day increased with heliostat sizes. a. Identify the type of study described here. b. Discuss the types of interference that can and cannot be drawn from this study.
- A study regarding the average cost of online streaming services in two states (A and B) is conducted. The results are shown in the following table. X and Y are independent.For each of the following epidemiological scenarios, draw a DAG that represents the relationships between the variables: A researcher is studying the association between experiencing childhood abuse (A) and the occurrence of depression (D) as an adult. She has reason to believe that alcohol consumption (C) may mediate the relationship between (A) and (D).One of the markers of toxicity of a proposed drug during drug development is loss of weight in the exposed individuals. Female was exposed to a proposed drug and the effects were observed during a 28 days period. Another record only the vehicle. These two groups were animals of similar age and gender and were all treated in similar ways regarding nutrition, water and environment. Result of the weight of 16 male mice before and after treatment are tabulated in table 2 below: Table 2: Table of the weights (gm) of 16 male mice before (X1a) and after treatment (X1b) X1a 20 21.2 20.6 19.5 18.9 20.2 21 19.6 17.8 18.5 18.3 19.2 19.6 19.4 19.2 19 X1b 20.9 21.9 21.2 21 19.9 20.9 21.8 21 18.6 19.9 19 20 20.1 20 20 20.7 Determine if these was a statistical weight difference (gain/loss in the 2 groups) Using paired t-test