For the power system shown at right the impedance matrix 2 is j0.5 j0.2 3 j0.4 0.145 0.120 0.0692 Zbus=j 0.120 0.246 0.101 | 0.0692 0.101 0.164 (3) j0.2 j0.25 Pre-fault all bus voltages are 1 pu. Then a three-phase fault to ground occurs at bus 3. What are the post-fault per-unit bus voltages? (Express in polar phasor form |V|Z0° ) ~) 1pu 1pu (~ V, = 0.578 Lo° V;= 0.384 L0° V;= %3D feuetot bus -j6.098 Z33 AVI 0.o692 0.4220 AV2 jG.098 (j) 0.101 0.l6159 D.164 %3D

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KVL and KCL

KVL stands for Kirchhoff voltage law. KVL states that the total voltage drops around the loop in any closed electric circuit is equal to the sum of total voltage drop in the same closed loop.

Sign Convention

Science and technology incorporate some ideas and techniques of their own to understand a system skilfully and easily. These techniques are called conventions. For example: Sign conventions of mirrors are used to understand the phenomenon of reflection and refraction in an easier way.