How do taxes, pollution charges, and cap-and-trade work to reduce emissions?When a cap-and-trade is implemented _______. When a cap-and-trade is implementedO A. the government gives pollution permits to the firms that pollute the least and other firms either decrease their pollution or leave the marketO B. polluting firms determine the efficient quantity of pollution and the efficient quantity of pollution permits, which they allocate among themselvesOC. the government subsidizes polluting firmsO D. the government determines the efficient quantity of pollution and firms buy and sell the allocated pollution permits

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How do taxes, pollution charges, and cap-and-trade work to reduce emissions?

Principles of Microeconomics

7th Edition

ISBN:9781305156050

Author:N. Gregory Mankiw

Publisher:N. Gregory Mankiw

Chapter10: Externalities

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 10PA

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The rows in Table 12.7 show three market-oriented tools for reducing pollution. The columns of the table show three complaints about command-and-control regulation. Fill in the table by stating briefly how each market-oriented tool addresses each of the three concerns.
A country called Sherwood is very heavily covered with a forest of 50,000 trees. There are proposals to clear some of Sherwoods forest and grow com, but obtaining this additional economic output will have an environmental cost from reducing the number of trees. Table 12.11 shows possible combinations of economic output and environmental protection. Sketch a graph of a production possibility frontier with environmental quality on the horizontal axis, measured by the number of trees, and the quantity of economic output, measured in corn, on the vertical axis. Which choices display productive efficiency? How can you tell? Which choices show allocative efficiency? How can you tell? In the choice between T and R, decide which one is better. Why? In the choice between T and S, can you say which one is better, and why? If you had to guess, which choice would you think is more likely to represent a command-and-control environmental policy and which choice is more likely to represent a market-oriented environmental policy, choice Q or S? Why?
Draw a standard supply and demand diagram for televisions, and indicate the equilibrium price and output. a. Assuming that the production of televisions generates external costs, illustrate the effect of the producers being forced to pay a tax equal to the external costs generated, and indicate the equilibrium output. b. If instead of generating external costs, television production generates external benefits, illustrate the effect of the producers being given a subsidy equal to the external benefits generated, and indicate the equilibrium output.
Show the market for cigarettes in equilibrium, assuming that there are no laws banning smoking in public. Label the equilibrium private market price and quantity as Pm and Qm. Add whatever is needed to the model to show the impact of the negative externality from second-hand smoking. (Hint: In this case it is the consumers, not the sellers, who are creating the negative externality.) Label the social optimal output and price as Fe and Qe. On the graph, shade in the deadweight loss at the market output.
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The table below shows the demand for pollution permits to emit hydrocarbons in a particular industrial park. Each permit allows the owner to release one tonne of pollutants into the atmosphere. Price perPollution Permit Quantity of Permits $4,500 75 4,000 150 3,500 225 3,000 300 2,500 375 2,000 450 1,500 525 a. If no fee for a pollution permit were charged, how many tonnes of pollutants would be discharged into the atmosphere, assuming a straight-line demand curve? Quantity: tonnesb. Suppose government were to set a fee of $3,500 per pollution permit. How many tonnes of pollutants would now be dumped? What is the total revenue received by government? Quantity: tonnes Total revenue: $ c. Suppose that a new technology allows for a significant reduction in hydrocarbons at a relatively low cost so that the demand for pollution permits in the industrial park drops by 150 tonnes. Assuming that government holds the permit fee at $3,500, how many tonnes of…
Taxes and pollution charges A. eliminate external costs so that firms produce the efficient quantity and emit the efficient quantity of pollution B. increase producers' costs so that they decrease the quantity produced to the point at which pollution is eliminated OC. increase producers' costs so that they decrease production, which decreases pollution emissions OD. that equal marginal social cost minus marginal social benefit result in the efficient quantity of pollution When a cap-and-trade is implemented OA. the government determines the efficient quantity of pollution and firms buy and sell the allocated pollution permits OB. the government subsidizes polluting firms OC. polluting firms determine the efficient quantity of pollution and the efficient quantity of pollution permits, which they allocate among themselves OD. the government gives pollution permits to the firms that pollute the least and other firms either decrease their pollution or leave the market
K Steel production creates pollution. If a tax is imposed on steel production equal to the marginal external cost of the pollution it creates, O A. steel producers will continue to produce the inefficient quantity of steel OB. the deadweight loss created by steel producers will be cut to zero OC. steel producers will cut pollution to zero O D. the market price of steel will rise by the amount of the tax Submit te:
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c. The government requires that auto manufacturers limit pollution to a specified threshold. tradable pollution permits O corrective tax command-and-control regulation private property rights